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Midterm Exam Review
Review for Anatomy and Physiolgy Midterm Exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Define Active Transport | the movement of ions or molecules across a cell membrane into a region of higher concentration, assisted by enzymes and requiring energy. |
| the reactions of anabolism and catabolism store and release energy, respectively, and together constitute what? | metabolsim |
| Define Catabolism | the breakdown of larger molecules into smaller ones and releases energy. |
| Define Homeostasis | a condition of a stable internal environment |
| Define Anabolism | the buildup of larger molecules from smaller ones, and requires energy |
| RNA does what? | RNA molecules copy and transfer genetic code information to the cytoplasm where proteins are manufactured. |
| The name of the WBC (white blood cell) that eats or engulfs bacteria? | Monocytes |
| List the stages of mitosis. | Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase and Telephase |
| energry released from glucose and other nutrients is made useful to cells by what cell part? | Golgi Appartaus |
| A ____ section divides the body into right and left portions. | sagittal |
| A ___ section divides the body into superior and inferior portions. it is often called a cross section. | Transverse |
| An appendicular portion of a cavity would include what body parts? | Upper and Lower limbs |
| List body regions in order from right to left starting with top row. | Right hypochondriac region Epigastric Region Left hypochondriac region Right Lumbar Region Umbilical Region Left Lumbar Region Right ilia region hypogastric region |
| The abdominal area can be divided into how many regions? | Nine (9) |
| A ___ section divides the body into anterior and posterior sections? | Coronal |
| The events of prophase is? | 1st stage of mitosis... results in DNA condensing into chromosomes, centrioles, migrating into poles, micotubules or the cytoskeleton reorganizing into fibers, and the disappearance numclear membran |
| The ventral cavity is made up of which two cavities? | Thoracic Cavity and Abdominopelvic cavity |
| The events of Telophase | the final stage of mitosis... begins when the chromosomes have completed their migrations, the nuclear envelope reappears and the chromosomes begin to unwind. |
| The events of Anaphase is? | occurs as the spindle fibers contract and pull the sister chromatids toward the centrioles |
| The events of Metaphase is? | Occurs as spindle fibers attach to centromeres on the chromosomes, and the chromosomes align midway between centrioles. |
| Type AB blood has both A and B antigens, and ____ antibodies in the plasma. | NO |
| Type B blood has B antigens on red blood cells and _______ antibodies in the plasma. | Anti-A |
| Type A blood has A antigens on red blood cells and _____ antibodies in the plasma. | Anti-B |
| List the different blood types | Type A, Type B, Type AB, Type O, Type Rh |
| what is the position of the body when it is said to be in anatomical position? | the body is standing erect, face foward, with the upper limbs at the side and the palms forward. |
| The acronym for Deoxyriboncleic Acid is? | DNA |
| What is DNA? | Dexoxribonucleic acid, contains the gentic code needed for synthesis of each protein (including enzmyes)required by the cell. |
| what are white blood cells? | Leukocytes (white blood cells) help to defend against disease. |
| List the different types of leukocytes. | Granular Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils, Agranular monocytes, and Lymphocytes |
| Define Red Blood Cells | Erythrocytes (red blood cells) biconcave disks that contain one-third (1/3) oxygen-carrying hemoglobin by volume. |
| Production of erythrocytes is dependent on a diet that includes what? | Iron, folic acid, vitamin B12 |
| Is plasma included in bone marrow? | NO |
| when does a problem occur persons of Rh blood type? | within females during pregnancy. mostly during 2nd pregnancy. the woman's body become sensitized, and antibodies from to fight Rh positive blood cells. |
| What is Rh blood type? | named after the rhesus monkey. is when the Rh factor surface protein is present on red blood cells, the blood is Rh positive; otherwise it is Rh negative |
| Which white blood cell aids in the bodys defense process by secreting histamine and heparin? | Basophils |
| the process in which small dissolved substances are forced out through thin porous walls of blood capillaries, but the larger particles are left behind is call? | Filtration |
| The universal blood type is | blood type O |
| Type O blood has neither antigen, but ____ types of antibodies in the plasma. | both |
| The dorsal cavity can be divided into which two areas? | cranial cavity and vertebral canal |
| An axial portion of a cavity would include what? | Head, Neck, and Trunk |
| The four (4) primary types of tissue found in the human body are? | 1. epithelial 2. connective 3. muscle 4. nervous |
| structures that allow respiratory infections to spread from the throat to the tympanic cavity is? | the auditory tube |
| the function of this tissue is protection secretion absorption and excretion | epithelial |
| this tissue type covers the body surface, cover and line internal organs, and compose glands | epithelial |
| the distinguishing characteristics of this tissue is. it lacks blood vessels readily divide and cells are tightly paced | epithelial |
| the function of this tissue is to bind, support, protect, fill spaces, store fat, and produce blood cells | connective |
| the location of this tissue is widely distributed throughout the body? | connective |
| this tissue mostly have a good blood supply, cells are farther apart than cells of epithelial, with a matrix in the between. | connective |
| this tissues function is movement | muscle |
| this tissue is attached to bones in the hollow walls of internal organs, the heart, brain, spinal cord, nerves | muscle |
| the distinguishing characteristics of this tissue is contractile | muscle |
| this tissue transmit impulses for coordination, regulation, integration, and sensory reception | nervous |
| this tissue is located in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves | nervous |
| this tissue connects to each other and other body parts | nervous |
| this tissue functions in the exchange of gases in the lungs and lines blood and lymph vessels as well as body cavities. | simple squamous epithelium |
| the four major types of tissue in the human body are? | epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous |
| which tissue is made up of a single layer of thin flatted cells? | simple squamous epithelium |
| it functions in secretion and absorption in the kidneys, and in secretion in glands. | Simple cuboidal epithelium |
| what carries artery oxygenated blood to the heart tissue and effect if blocked? | systemic circuit |
| the pacemaker is SA Node. SA is the acronym for _____. | Sinoatrial Node |
| The _____ increase the surface area available for absorption. | Microvilli |
| Cilia may be present along with mucus-secreting globlet cells that line and sweep debris from respiratory tubes. | Pseudostratified Columanar Epithelium |
| This tissue is made up of cells designed to produce and secrete substance into ducts or into body fluids? | Glandular Epithelium |
| How are glands classified? | by the ways the glands secrete their products |
| Glands release entire cells. (sebaceous glands) | Holocrine |
| Glands lose portions of their cell bodies during secretion. (mammary glands) | Apocrine |
| the AV Node also can be called ____. | Atrioventricular Node |
| which node provides the only normal conduction pathway between the atrial and ventricular syncytia? | AV Node |
| this tissue may be ciliated. is made up of a row of enlongated cells whose nuclei are all located near the basement membrane. | Simple Columnar Epithelium |
| another name for red blood cells is? | Erythrocytes |
| ____ ______ is designed to distend and return to its normal size as it does in the lining of urinary bladder? | transitional epithelium |
| this design provides distensibility and keeps urine from diffusing back into the internal cavity? | transitional epithelium |
| _____ in the liver and spleen phagocytize damaged red blood cells. | macrophages |
| a skin condition in which healthy skin cells dry out is called? | kratinization |
| travel of blood in order. | superior & inferior vena cava right artium tricuspid valve right ventricle pulmonary valve pulmonary artery lung pulmonary vein left artium bicuspid left ventricle aortic valve aorta |
| this tissue makes up the bulk of the heart and pumps blood through the heart chambers and into blood vessels. | cardic |
| damaged tissue release a chemical called, what? | tissue thromboplastin |
| similar to pinocytosis, but the cell takes in solids rather than liquids. | phagocytosis |
| the reverse process secretes a substance stored in a vesicle from the cell, is known as what? | exocytosis |
| water molecules diffuse from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration. | osmosis |
| fine cytoplasmic granules that appear light purple in neutral stain. | neutrophil |
| contain coarse uniformly size cytoplasmic granules that appear deep red in acid stain. | eosinophils |
| the largest blood cells are two to three times larger than red blood cells. | monocytes |
| slightly larger than red blood cells, has a large round nucleus surrounded by a thin rim of cytoplasm | lymphocytes |
| leukocytes better known as ____ ____ ____ protects against disease. | white blood cells |
| the total number of white blood cells excedding 10,000 mm of blood | leukocytosis |
| a total number of white blood cells count below 5,000 mm of blood | leuknopenia |
| ________ is released by damaged tissue as a first step in forming a blood clot? | Thromboplastin |
| The alpha globin that the liver continually produces and is thus a normal constituent of plasma | Prothrombin |
| what give rough er the textured appearance when viewed with an electron microscope? | ribosomes |
| what is smooth ER? | Endoplastic Recticulum that lacks ribosomes |
| what houses the genetic material and controls cellular activities? | Nucleus |
| The garbage disposals of the cell is? | lysomsomes |
| this tissue is anchored to the basement membrane? | epithelial tissue |
| glands that release fluid products by exocytosis are known as? | merocrine |
| which is the most effective means of hemostasis? | blood coagulation |
| this ______ muscle is found in the walls of internal organs, and in the digestive tract, blood vessels, and urinary bladder? | smooth muscle |
| this tissue is widespread throughtout the body, covers organs and lines body surfaces? | epithelial tissue |
| a single layer of cube-shaped cells with centrally located nuclei. | simple cuboidal epitheium |
| this tissue line the uterus, stomach, and intestines. protects underlying tissues, secretes digestive fluids, and absorbs nutrients | simple columnar epithelium |
| which tissue makes up the outter layer of skin, lines the mouth, throat, vagina, and anal canal? | stratified squamous epithelium |
| goblet cells (mucus-secreting) can be found among? | columar cells |
| cells are arranged in ____ that provide specific functions for the body. | tissues |
| This muscle tissue lacks striations, is uninucleate, and consists of spindle-shaped cells? | smooth muscle tissue |
| glands that secrete products into ducts. | exocrine |
| Molecules pass through membranes by diffusion or osmosis because of random movements. | filtration |
| cells that break down drugs and alcohol have extensive networks of what? | smooth er |
| where does protein synthesis occurs? | ribosomes |
| _____ are attached to ER membranes or are scattered throughtout the cytoplasm? | ribosomes |
| the acronym for Endoplastic Reticulum is? | ER |
| Macrophages in the liver and spleen ______ damaged red blood cells. | Phagocytize |
| the outter membrane that is studded with tiny, spherical structures called ribosomes is called? | Rough ER |
| Before a cell actively divides it must grow and duplicate much of its contents so that two daughter cells can form from one, is known as? | Interphase |
| a stack of about six flattened membranous sacs, are known as? | golgi apparatus |
| proteins arrive at the golgi apparatus enclosed in vesicles fuse with the membrane at the _______ ______ of the golgi apparatus. | innermost end |
| the series of changes that a cell undergoes from the time it forms until it divides, is known as what? | the cell cycle |
| why is deoxyhemoglobin blood, dark red? | oxygen is release from the blood. |
| the process by which moleucles or ions scatter or spread spontaneously from regions where they are in higher concentrations to regions where they are in lower concentrations is know as what? | diffusion |
| the cytoplasm fills out this cell. | Nucleus |
| Phagocytosis is known as | cell eating |
| functions of smooth ER. | move food through the digestive tract constricts blood vessels and empties the uninary bladder. |
| the two red blood cells are/ | deoxyhemoglobin and oxyhemoglobin |
| This organelle refines, packages, and transports proteins synthesized on ribosomes associated with the ER. | Golgi Apparatus |
| what forces molecules through membranes? | filtration |
| Smooth ER contains enzymes that are important in what? | lipid synthesis absorption of fats from digestive tract the metabolism of drugs. |
| why is oxyhemoglobin bright red? | oxygen is binded into the blood. |
| diffusion can also be call what? | simple diffusion |
| another name for white blood cells is? | leukocytes |
| this type of tissue is made up of layers of flattened cells that are designed to protect underlying layers? | Stratified Squamous Epithelium |
| Glands that secrete into body fluids and blood are? | endocrine |
| this cells are not truly layered. they appear layered due to the varying position of their nuclei within the row of cells. | pseudostratified columnar epithelium |
| this tissue consists of two to three layers of cuboidal cells? | stratified cuboidal epthelium |
| this tissue consists of several layers of cells and is found in the vas deferns? | stratified columnar epithelium |
| the cells (muscle fibers) are long and cylindrical, striated, have many nuclei and contract from nervous impulse. | skeletal muscle |
| which one catalyzes a reaction that cuts fibrinogen into pieces of fibrin, which join, forming long threads? | Thrombin |
| the skin and its accessory organs makes up the _______ system. | integumentary |
| what are the functions of the skin? | provides a protective covering, regulates body temperature, retards water loss from deeper tissues, houses sensory receptors, synthesizes various biochemicals, and excretes small quantities of wastes. is vital in maintaining homeostasis. |
| the skin consists of an outer ________ and an underlying _______, connected to underlying tissue by the ______ layer (hypodermis) | epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous |
| the epidermis is made up of stratified ____ epithelium and lacks _______. | squamous, blood vessels |
| which is the living, reproducing layer of skin? | stratum basale |
| Proteins in the epidermis, keratin, what is it's function? | waterproof |
| what is the function of melanin in the skin? | provides skin color. |
| what cell produces melanin? | melanocytes |
| the factors that contribute to the color of the skin. | genetic, environmental, & physiological factors. |
| the dermis consists of ___ tissue with collagen and elastic fibers within a gel-like ground substance. | connective |
| the subcutaneous layer is composed of? | loose connecting tissue & insulating adipose tissue |
| what are the functions of the subcutaneous layer? | it binds the skin to underlying organs and contains the blood vessels that supply the skin. |
| where can hair be found? | in nearly all regions of the skin. |
| define the term hair follicle. | an invagination of the lower epidermis that dips down into the dermis. |
| what is the function of the arrector pili muscle? | attaches to each hair follicle, cause goose bumps when cold or frightened. |
| what determines hair color? | genetic, melanin & melanocytes is responsible for most hair colors. dark hair has eumelanin while blonde and red hair has pheomelanin |
| what type of gland is sebaceous glands? | holocrine gland |
| what structure are sebaceous glands associated with? | hair follicles |
| the secretion of sebaceous glands is called? | sebum |
| Nails consists of stratified ____ epithelial cells overlying the nail bed, with the ____ as the most actively growing region of the nail root. | squamous, lunla |
| proper temperature regulation is vital to maintaining ____. | metabolic reactions |
| the body responds to excessive heat by dilation of dermal blood vessels and ____. | sweating |
| the body responds to excessive heat by ______ of dermal blood vessels and sweating. | dilation |
| the body responds to excessive cooling by _____, dermal blood vessels, inactivation _____ glands, and increasing muscle usage through _____. | constricting, sweat, and shivering. |
| inflammation in which blood vessels ____ dilate and become more _____ causing tissues to become red and swallen is the body's normal response to injury. | dilate, permeable |
| superficial cuts are filled in by reproducing ____ cells. | epithelial |
| deeper cuts car closed off by ____, covered by _____ and eventually filled in by _______. | clots, scabs, fibroblasts |
| large wounds leave scars and healing may be accompanied by the formation of _______. | granulations. |
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