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REVIEW 1-PHARM
PHARMACOLOGY
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| activities of Pharmacokinetic | ABSORPTION, DISTRIBUTION, METABOLISM, EXCRETION |
| Refers to the time required for the body to eliminate 50% of the drug It is also another component of pharmacokinetic | HALF LIFE |
| the process by which the body changes a drug to a more less active form than can be secreted | METABOLISM or BIOTRANSFORMATION |
| 3 other important factors when considering a drug pharmacokinetics | ONSET OF ACTION PEAK CONCENTRATION DURATION OF ACTION |
| Drugs act in various ways in the body (3 phases) | PHARMACEUTIC PHASE PHARMACOKINETIC PHASE PHARMACODYNAMIC PHASE |
| The phase when drug dissolves. Drugs must be soluble to be absorbed | PHARMACEUTIC PHASE |
| Refers to the activity within the body after a drug is administered; these mechanisms include absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion | PHARMACOKINETIC PHASE |
| Cell engulf the drug particle (the cell forms a vesicle to transport the drug into the inner cell) | PINOCYTOSIS |
| Dissolved drug moves into body fluids through processes of active transport, passive transport or pinocytosis | Absorption |
| No barriers, complete, all of reaches the blood (ROUTE) | Intravenous |
| The capillary wall has large spaces between cells, therefore there is no significant barrier, absorption may be rapid or slow (ROUTE) | Intramuscular-subcutaneous |
| Medication must pass through the layer of epithelial cells that line the GI tract (ROUTE) | ORAL |
| systemic circulation takes the drug to body tissues and specific receptor sites | Distribution |
| Distribution of a medication influences | Circulation, Plasma protein binding, Barriers |
| Administered by mouth | ORAL |
| Applied to the skin or mucous membranes | Topical |
| Inhaled or breathed in | Inhalant |
| Given via a needle | Injectable |
| Applied to and absorbed through a skin | Transdermal |
| Time between administration of the drug and onset of its therapeutic effect | Onset of Action (pharmacokinetic Phase) |
| When the absorption rate equals the elimination rate | Peak Concentration (pharmacokinetic phase) |
| Length of time the drug produces a therapeutic effect | Duration of Action (Pharmacokinetic Phase) |
| The study of the drug mechanisms that produce biochemical or physiologic changes in the body | Pharmacodynamics |
| A drug exerts its action by two main mechanisms | Alteration in cellular function & Alteration in cellular environment |
| A drug cannot completely change the function of a cell, but it can alter its function by increasing or decreasing physiologic functions | Alteration in cellular function |
| A drug that binds with a receptor and stimulates the receptor to produce a therapeutic response | Agonist |
| A drug that joins with receptors but does not stimulate the receptors (blocking the receptor's function) | Antagonist |
| The number of available receptor sites influences the effects of a drug | Receptor Mediated Drug Effects |
| The study of drugs and their action on living organisms | Pharmacology |
| The habitual use of a drug in which negative withdrawal symptoms occur with abrupt discontinuation of the drug | Physical Dependence |
| A compulsion or craving to use a substance to obtain a pleasurable experience | Psychological Dependence |
| Not approved for medical use in the US | Schedule I (C-I) |
| Potential for high abuse with severe physical or psychological independence | Schedule II (C-II) |
| Heroine, marijuana, LSD, Peyote, Ecstasy | Schedule I (C-I) |
| Narcotics such as meperidine, methadone, morphine, oxycodone, amphetamines, and barbiturates | Schedule II (C-II) |
| Potential for moderate physical or psychological dependence | Schedule III (C-III) |
| Anabolic steroids, ketamine, hydrocodone/codeine compounded with an nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug. | Schedule III (C-III) |
| Limited dependence potential | Schedule IV (C-IV) |
| Some sedatives and anxiety agents, non-opoids analgesics, "diet drug" | Schedule IV (C-IV) |
| Limited abuse potential | Schedule V (C-V) |
| Small amounts of narcotics (codeine) used as antitussive or antidiarrheals, over the counter or prescription. Lomotil, robitussin A-C | Schedule V (C-V) |
| Drug or substance that causes abnormal development of the fetus, leading to deformities | Teratogen |
| Controlled studies show no risk to the fetus | Pregnancy Category A |
| Animal studies have revealed no evidence in harm to the fetus; however there are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women | Pregnancy Category B |
| Animal studies have shown an adverse effect and there are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women | Pregnancy Category C |
| Adequate well-controlled or observational studies in pregnant women have demonstrated a risk to the fetus | Pregnancy Category D |
| Adequate well-controlled or observational studies in animals or pregnant women have demonstrated positive evidence of fetal abnormalities or risks | Pregnancy Category X |
| Undesirable drug effects, may be mild, severe or life-threatening | Adverse drug reactions |
| Individual's immune system views the drug as a foreign substance | Allergic drug reactions |
| An extremely serious allergic reaction that includes difficulty breathing, wheezing, cyanosis, and loss of consciousness | Anaphylactic Shock |
| An allergic reaction that includes swelling of the eyes, lips or tongue | Angioedema |
| Any unusual or abnormal reaction to a drug | Drug idiosyncrasy |
| Decreased response to a drug, requiring an increase in dosage to achieve the desired effect | Drug tolerance |
| Occurs when a body is unable to metabolize and excrete one normal dose of a drug before the next dose is given, most common in people with liver and kidney disease | Cumulative Drug Effect |
| May be reversible or irreversible depending on the organs involved, can be reversed by administering another drug that acts as an antidote | Toxic Reactions |
| Oral anticogulants, oral hypoglycemics, anti-infectives, antiarrhythmics, cardiac glycosides, and alcohol | Drugs known to cause interactions |
| Occurs when the combined effect of two drugs is equal to the sum of each drug given alone (1+1=2) | Additive drug reaction |
| Occurs when drugs interact with each other and produce an effect that is greater than the sum of their separate actions. (1+1=3) | Synergistic Drug reaction |
| One drug interferes with the action of another drug, causing neutralization/decrease in effect | Antagonistic Drug reaction |
| Examples of drugs that are given with food | Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and salicylates |
| Factors influencing Drug response | Age, weight, sex, disease, route of administration |
| Taking of numerous drugs that can potentially react with one another, seen particularly in elderly | Polypharmacy |
| Herbal medicine,herbalism, herbal therapy | Complementary Alternative Medicine (CAM) |
| Federal Law that regulates the manufacture, prescription and distribution of psychoactive medications, including narcotics, depressants, stimulants & hallucinogens | Controlled Substance Act 1970 |
| Right to know the name, action, and possible side effect, to refuse medications | Client Rights |
| A form of a liquid medication that contains alcohol | Tincture |
| Oral medicated tablet that dissolves in the mouth | Troche |
| Liquid for topical use (into the eye or ear) | instillations |
| medication designed to be placed on the tongue (ODT-orally disintegrating tablet) | translingual |
| A route of medication, a tablet or gel is placed between the cheek and gum and is absorbed through oral mucosa | transmucosal |
| One form of solid medications which is designed to improve medication compliance, particularly in psychiatry or with very small children | Orally Disintegrating Tablets (ODT) |
| Example of chewing gum medication | Aspergum & nicorette |
| Types od drugs that should not be crushed | capsules, time-released drugs, ODT, enteric-coat tablets |
| Examples of semi-solid medications | Suppository, Nitro-bid |
| A device that delivers liquid medication to the airways in the form of mist as the client inhales | A Nebulizer |
| Examples of oral or nasal inhaler | Nicotrol inhaler, D.H.E 45 (to treat migraine), Exubera (form of insulin) |
| Examples of transdermal medications | Fentanyl (duragesic,sublimaze), nicotine patches, estrogen patches |
| A single amount of medication administered to achieve therapeutic effect | A DOSE |
| the dose and scheduled times | A DOSAGE |
| The amount of medication required to obtain a desired effect in the majority of clients | therapeutic dose |
| The smallest amount of drug necessary to achieve a therapeutic effect | minimal dose |
| Larger than the usual continuing dose, may be given as the first dose of a newly prescribed medication to establish a minimum blood level | loading dose |
| The largest amount of medication that can be given safely without causing an adverse reaction or toxic effect | maximal dose |
| The amount of medication that cause symptoms of poisoning or toxicity | toxic dose |
| The amount of medication that will cause death | A lethal dose |
| The opposite of desired response of medication, common in elderly and children | Paradoxical |
| Decrease the therapeutic effects of warfarin and place clients at risk for developing blood clots | Vitamin K |
| After an oral medication has been absorbed, most of the medication is inactivated as the blood initially passes through the liver, producing little therapeutic effect | First-pass effect |
| Gives the exact chemical makeup of the drug and placing of the atoms or molecular structure, the name is not capitalized | Chemical name (scientific name) |
| Given to a drug before it becomes official, may be used in all countries, by all manufactures, name is not capitalized | Generic name |
| Name listed in the United States Pharmacopeia-National Formulary, maybe the same as the generic name | Official name |
| Name that is registered by the manufacturer and is followed by the trademark symbol. | Trade/Brand name |
| Cellular energy is used to move the drug from an area of low concentration to one of high concentration ( movement of absorption) | Active Transport |
| No cellular energy is used as the drug moves from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration (small molecules diffuses across the cell membrane-movement of absorption) | Passive Transport |
| Important in planning the frequency of dosing | Half-Life (Pharmacokinetic phase) |
| Example of a drug that changes osmotic pressure | Mannitol |
| Example of a drug that acts by altering the cellular environment by lubrication | Sunscreen |
| Physical changes in osmotic pressure, lubrication, absorption, or the conditions on the surface if the cell membrane | Alteration in Cellular Environment (Pharmacodynamic phase) |
| Example of a drug that acts by altering the surface of the cellular membrane | Docusate (stool softener) |
| Example of a drug that acts by altering absorption | Activated Charcoal, administered orally to absorb a toxic chemical ingested into the GI tract |
| The study of how people's responses to medications are variable due to individual genetic variation | Pharmacogenomics |
| Substance that is capable of inducing a specific immune response | Antigen |
| Molecule with the ability to bind to a specific antigen, responsible for the immune response | Antibody |
| Higher pH, slower gastric emptying resulting in delayed absorption, Less protein binding creating more circulating drug | Factor altering drug response in children and elder |
| The acts permits general health claims such as "improves memory or promotes regularity" and are not intended to diagnose, cure, or prevent any disease. | Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act 1994 |
| Antagonist drug reaction examples | Protamine is a heparin antagonist. The administration of protamine completely naturalizes the effects of heparin in the body. |
| Synergic drug reaction example | When a person takes both a hypnotic and alcohol |
| Additive drug reaction example | Taking heparin with alcohol will increase bleeding |
| Diseases that affect drug response | Hepatic and renal diseases. |
| Exhibit drug toxicity and a longer duration of drug reaction | Patient with renal disease |
| The ability to metabolize or detoxify a specific type of drug may be impaired | Patient with liver disease |
| Example of drug that can be taken orally | Antacids |
| A herb once used to promote digestion can cause liver damage | Comfrey |
| Complementary therapies | Relaxation techniques, massage, aromatherapy and healing touch |
| Factors influence the rate of absorption | route of administration, solubility of the dug, presence of certain bodily conditions. |
| Absorption occurs more slowly | orally, intramuscularly, subcutaneous |
| Drug's ability to cross the cell membrane | Solubility |
| Type of soluble drugs easily cross the cell membrane | Lipid |
| Most drugs are metabolized by this organ | Liver |
| This organ excretes the inactive compounds from the body | kidney |
| Other forms of drugs excretions | Breath, feces, breast milk and sweat |
| Primary effect of a drug | Therapeutic effect |
| other effects desirable or undesirable produced by drugs | Secondary effect |
| two types of antagonists | competitive antagonists and non-competitive antagonists |
| Administering larger doses of an agonist can overcome the antagonist effects | competitive antagonists |
| Administering larger doses of an agonist will not reverse the action of the non-compatitve antagonist | non-competitive antagonist |
| When the drug dose is increased | More receptor sites are used |
| PDR | Physician;s Desk Reference |
| Cocaine, Opium, Morphine, Fentanyl, Amphetamines, and Methamphetamines. | examples of Schedule II drugs |
| Anabolic steroids, Codeine, Ketamine, Hydrocodone with Aspirin, and Hydrocodone with Acetaminophen | Examples of Schedule III drugs |
| on the tongue | translingual |
| under the tongue | sublingual |
| these types of medications are usually given by the rectal, vaginal or urethral routes | semisolids medications |
| types of drugs is most often for pediatric, psychiatric, geriatric clients | Liquids |
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ninjania
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