click below
click below
Normal Size Small Size show me how
cardiovascular&circu
26.1
Question | Answer |
---|---|
composed of four chambers: | two upper and two lower |
anatomy of the heart : | Atria, venticles, and septum |
top two chambers | atria |
bottom two chamber | ventricles |
divides heart into right and left sides | septum |
Valaves of the heart: | tricuspid, pulmonary,mitral/bicuspid, aortic |
located between the right atrium and the right ventricle | tricuspid valve |
located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery | Pulmonary valve |
located between the left atrium and the left ventricle | mitral/bicuspid valve |
located between the left ventricle and the aorta | aortic |
layers of the heart: | pericardium, endocardium, myocardium |
fliud-filled sac that surronds and protect the heart, permits freee movement of the heart during contraction | pericardium |
innermost wall layer; covers the inside surface of the heart | endocardium |
surronds heart and causes chamber contractions | myocardium |
function of the heart: | provides oxygenated blood throughout the body by a pumping mechanism; pxygenated blood deposits materials necessary for growth and nourishment; recieves from tissues the waste produts resulting from metabolism. |
sustained elevation of systemic arterial blood presure | Hypertension |
sympotoms for hypertension: | severe headache; chest pain; irregular heartbeat; fatigue |
pharmaceutical treatment includes diuretics, vasodilators, ace inhibitors, beta blockers and calcium channel blockers | hypertension |
congestive heart failure | heart pumps out less blood than it recieves; results in weakened and enlarged heart |
symptoms of CHF: | upright posture or leaning forward; anxiety and restlessness; cyanotic and clammy skin; persistant cough; rapid breathing; fast heart rate; and edema of the lower limbs |
pharmaceutical treatment includes cardiac glycosides, diureticd, vasodilators, ace inhibitors, beta-blockers, and phosphodieterase inhibitors | CHF |
Coronary Artery Disease CAD occurs when,, | there is insuficient blood flow to the heart |
CAD can lead to: | Angaina; heart attack; arrythmias; stroke; pulmonary embolism; heart failure |
pharmaceutical treatment includes platelet aggregation inhibitors, anticoaglants, tissue plasminogen activatios; and thrombin inhibitors | CAD |
restore normal rhythm patterns but do not cure the cause of the irregular heartbeat | antiarrthythmic |
used to increase the force of myocardial contraction, withour causing an increase in the consumption of oxygen | cardiac glycosides |
used to elimate excess sodium and water via the urinary tract | diuretics |
allow more blood to exit the heart, preventing or mitigating congestion; lower blood preassure | vasoldialtors |
lower high blood pressure; thought to reshape the heart; prevent the body from producing natural vasodilators | ACE inhibitors |
similar to ACE inhibitors; block the bodys natural vasodilatros | Angiotensin II receptors blockers |
used to block cells from recieving natural vasoconstrictors | beta-adrenergic blockers |
interfere with the manufacture of vasoconstrictors at nerve endings | antidrehergic agents |
reduce the ability of the blood to coaglate | platelet aggregation inhibitors |
prevent clots from forming or excisting clots from getting bigger | anticoaglants |
break down clots by reversing the clotting order and interfering with the synthesis of various clotting factors | tissue plasminogen activators |
inactive bound thrombin by binding to the enzyme and blocking its interaction with its substrates of fibrin | thrombin inhibitors |
help prevent the progression of coronary artery disease by lowering plasme lipid levels | antihyperlipidemics |
anticoaglants do: | not thin out the blood; prevent clots from forming; prevent exsisting clots from getting bigger; cannot dissolve essxisting clots |
oral DOC as an anticoaglant | Warfarin |
works by preventing the synthesis of clotting factors II,VII, IX and X | Warfarin |
used n the long-term prevention or managment of venous thromboembolic disorders Warfarin: | Deep vein thrombosis; pulmonary embolism; and clotting associated with atrial fibrillation and prosthetic heart valves |
____ may be used as an antidote when too much warfarin has been given | Vitamin K |
Parenetally administrated DOC | Heparin |
works by inactivating clotting factors IX,X,XI, and XII | Heparin |
Heparin used prophylactically to : | prevent and treat deep vein thrombosis; Prevent and treat pulmonary embolism; treat thrombophlebbitis; prevent clotting during cardiac and vasculr surgery |
the only antidote for heperain overdose is | protamine sulfate |
high density lipoprotiend or "good" cholsteral | HDL |
low density lipoprotiend or "bad" cholesterol | LDL |
a form of energy stored in adipose and muscle tissues | triglycerides |
often measuerd to depict fat ingestion and metabolism; and can be used to access CAD risk factors | triglycerides |