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Test3 A&P ch 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Suprahyoid muscles elevate the _____ | larynx |
| What do suprahyoid muscles do? | elevate the larynx |
| List the suprahyoid muscles: | digastric, stylohyoid, mylohyoid, geniohyoid, hyoglossus, genioglossus |
| what muscle raises the hyoid bone? | digastric |
| what does the stylohyoid muscle do? | draws the hyoid bone up and back |
| what direction does the stylohyoid muscle draw the hyoid bone? | up and back |
| What does the mylohyoid muscle elevate? | the Hyoid bone, the floor of the mouth, and the tongue |
| what does the mylohyoid muscle do to the hyoid bone, floor of the mouth, and the tongue? | elevates it |
| what muscle pulls the hyoid bone up and back | the geniohyoid muscle |
| what does the geniohyoid muscle do? | pulls the hyoid bone up and back |
| ______ elevates the hyoid bone and draws it forward | genioglossus |
| what does the genioglossus muscle do to the hyoid bone? | elevates it and draws it forward |
| What are the two infrahyoid muscles? | sternohyoid and omohyoid |
| Which infrahyoid muscle pulls the sternum down? | sternohyoid |
| what does the sternohyoid muscle do? | acts to draw the hyoid bone downward and fixes the hyoid bone when the lower jaw is opened against resistance |
| when the lower jaw is opened against resistance, what does the sternohyoid muscle do | it fixes the hyoid bone |
| What does the omohyoid muscle do | tense on contractor and prevents the neck region from collapsing during deep inspiratory efforts |
| what does the omohyoid muscle prevent the neck region from? | from collapsing during deep inspiratory efforts |
| infrahyoid muscles are also known as what? | laryngeal depressors |
| why is a nerve intervating a muscle so important? | because it tells a muscle how to move |
| which muscles are associated with manipulation for the vocal folds | intrinsic laryngeal muscles |
| describe the origin and insertion of intrinsic laryngeal muscles | both origin and insertion are on laryngeal cartilages |
| what is intrinsic muscles' innervation by? | vagus nerve |
| vagus nerve is responsible for ______ & ____ function in the thorax, neck, and abdomen | sensation; motor |
| where is the vagus nerve responsible for sensation and motor function? | in the thorax, neck, and abdomen |
| what are the major functions of intrinsic muscles? | opening/closing of the vocal folds & tensing/relaxing the vocal folds |
| what are the 5 major types of intrinsic muscles? | abductors, adductors, tensors, relaxers, auxiliary musculature |
| how can intrinsic muscles be catagorized? | according to their effects on the shape of the glottis and vibratory nature of vocal folds |
| Intrinsic muscles can be catagorized according to their effects on the shape of the ______ & vibratory nature of ____ _____ | glottis; vocal folds |
| How do abductors and adductors differ? | abductors seperate arytenoids while adductors approximate arytenoids for phonation and protection |
| what kind of relationship is there between abductors and adductors as well as tensors and relaxers? | an inverse relation |
| describe the difference between tensors and relaxers | tensors: elongates and tightens the folds while relaxers shorten the folds |
| which type of intrinsic muscle stretches, elongates and tightens the vocal folds | tensors |
| what do relaxers do to the vocal folds | shorten them |
| abductors/adductors & tensors/relaxers: always work in _____ | pairs |
| explain how the types of intrinsic muscles always work in pairs | they work on both sides of the larynx at the same time |
| what are the 2 types of laryngeal adjustments? | medial compression & longitudinal tension |
| what is medial compression? | the extent of force which folds are brought together at midline |
| How hard a door opens will determine how hard it will shut is an example of what | medial compression & longitudinal tension |
| a force behind adduction | medial compression |
| longitudinal tension is the degree of _______ force | stretching |
| in your own words, explain longitudinal tension | how far you can stretch something |
| The main mass of the vocal fold is composed of what muscle? | thyroarytenoid muscle |
| what does the thyroarytenoid muscle make up? | the true vocal fold |
| _____ fibers from the angle of the thyroid to lateral-______ aspect of vocal processes of arytenoids=thyrovocalis | superior; inferior |
| _____ fibers attached at the base of ______=thyromusclularis | inferior; arytenoid |
| how many layers is thyroarytenoid muscle composed of? | 5 |
| thyroarytenoid muscle is composed of 5 _____ _____ | distinct layers |
| list the 5 distinct layers of thryoarytenoid muscle from top to bottom | epithelium, superfical layer of lamina propria, intermediate layer of lamina propria, deep layer of the lamina propria, vocalis muscle |
| how many sections does the thyroarytenoid muscle have? | 3 |
| list the 3 sections of the thyroarytenoid muscle | cover, transition, body |
| the cover section consists of what? | epithelium and superfical layer of the vocal ligament |
| Cover section of the thyroarytenoid muscle consists of the ____ and _____ layer of vocal ligament | epithelium; superficial |
| what is vocal ligament? | basically just connective tissue attaching muscle to inside of thyroid angle below notch |
| vocal ligament is basically just ______ tissue | connective |
| what does the transition section consist of? | intermediate and deep layers of vocal ligament |
| the transition section of the thyroarytenoid muscle consists of ____ and ____ layers of vocal ligament | intermediate; deep |
| what does the body section consist of? | vocalis muscle |
| the vocalis muscle is part of which of the three sections of the thyroarytenoid muscle | the body |
| the vocalis constitutes the main body of ____ ___ | vocal fold |
| what is the primary function of the thyroarytenoid muscle? | acts as a tensor, relaxer, and adductor |
| the primary function of ______ muscle is to act as a tensor, relaxer, and adductor | thyroarytenoid |
| What happens to the thyrovocalis when the thyromusclularis contracts? | the thyrovocalis relaxes |
| the thyrovocalis & thyromuscularis works in ____ of eachother | opposition |
| the only abductor muscle in the larynx | posterior cricoarytenoid muscle |
| the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle is the only ____ muscle in the larynx | abductor |
| the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle ____ & ___ vocal processess | abducts; raises |
| what abducts and raises the vocal processess | the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle |
| which muscle opens the vocal folds | posterior cricoarytenoid muscle |
| which muscles work against/oppose the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle | lateral cricoarytenoid muscle and arytenoid (oblique and transverse) muscles |
| lateral cricoarytenoid muscle is a _____ & _____ | adductor; relaxer |
| what does the lateral cricoarytenoid rotate to bring the vocal process and ligament toward midline? | arytenoids |
| what happens when the lateral cricoarytenoid rotate arytenoids | the vocal process and ligament are brought to the midline |
| arytenoid muscles are ______ | adductors |
| are both the oblique and transverse arytenoid muscles adductors? | yes |
| the function of the posterior cricoarytenoid muscles is to approximate the ______ | arytenoids |
| posterior cricoarytenoid muscles approximate the arytenoids and therefore are ______ of ___ ____ | regulators; medial compression |
| what swings the arytenoids out and then contracts them back? | posterior cricoarytenoid muscle |
| posterior cricoarytenoid muscles' function allows us to produce what? | speech/phonation |
| how does the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle allow us to produce speech? | by swinging the arytenoids out and bringing the arytenoids back in |
| Cricothyroid muscles can actively ____ or ____ the vocal folds | tense; elongate |
| what does the cricothyroid muscle do to the vocal folds? | actively tenses and elongates them |
| what are the 2 paired sections of the cricothyroid muscle? | pars recta & pars oblique |
| Pars recta and pars oblique are a part of what muscle? | cricothyroid muscle |
| is the cricothyroid muscle a tensor or relaxer? | tensor |
| how is the cricothyroid muscle a tensor? | because it elongates the vocal folds by moving the cricoid cartilage |
| the straight part of the cricothyroid muscle | pars recta |
| what runs posterior of the thyroid cartilage? | pars oblique |
| the course of pars recta & pars oblique | recta: vertically & oblique: runs toward posterior of the thyroid cartilage |
| what can raise the cricoid cartilage? | the contraction of the cricothyroid muscles |
| what happens when the muscles of cricothyroid contract? | the cricoid cartilage is raised |
| when is the cricoid cartilage fixed? | when the thyroid cartilage tilts downward |
| when does the thyroid cartilage tilt downward? | when the cricoid cartilage is fixed |
| the distance between what is increased to elongate the vocal folds and place them under increased tension | thyroid cartilage and the vocal processes |
| what produces a change in pitch? | the distance between the thyroid cartilage and the vocal processes is increased to elongate the vocal folds and place them under increased tension |
| an increase in tension means an increase in _____ | pitch |
| what increases when you elongate the vocal folds? | tension |
| tensors inrease the distance between what? | angle (thyroid cartilage) and arytenoids (vocal processes) |
| what do tensors increase between the angle and arytenoids? | distance |
| what opposes tensors | relaxers |
| what happens when the thyroarytenoid is unopposed? | it will relax the vocal folds and assist in closing the glottis by pulling forward on the muscular process |
| how do relaxers relax the vocal folds and assist in closing the glottis? | by pulling forward on the muscular process |
| what is the only abductor? | the posterior cricoarytenoid |
| how do adductors act? | to pull the arytenoids down and toward the midline |
| list the adductors: | arytenoids, lateral cricoarytenoids, thyroarytenoids |
| in adduction, what directions are the arytenoids pulled? | down and toward the midline |
| how do muscles of the larynx interact with eachother? | the work together to achieve complex motions required for speech and non speech |
| 2 things that the suprahyoid & infrahyoid muscles do | 1-raise and lower the larynx; 2-change the length of the vocal folds |
| what do the suprahyoid and infrayoid muscles do to the larynx? the vocal folds? | raise and lower it; change the length |
| what are intrinsic laryngeal muscles responsible for? | the fine adjustments associated with the control of phonation |
| intrinsic muscles are responsible for the ___ adjustments associated with the control of _____ | fine; phonation |
| which system works as a unit | the laryngeal musclular system |
| what components of the laryngeal muscular system works as a unit? | laryngeal elevators & laryngeal depressors |
| how do the laryngeal depressors work? | counters laryngeal elevation with controlled antagonistic tone |
| by elevating the tongue, what happens to the larynx? | elevates |
| elevation of _____ increases the tension of ___ | tongue; cricothyroid |
| how does elevating the tongue increase the tension of the cricothyroid? | keeps articulation system from driving phonatory mechanism |
Created by:
deborahpuckett