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Three external threats to life are ____________.
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Three internal threats to life are __________.
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A&P 2 - E2 - P3
A&P 2 - Exam 2 - Part 3 - Immune System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Three external threats to life are ____________. | bacteria, protozoans, viruses |
| Three internal threats to life are __________. | tumors, cancer, abnormal cells |
| What are the two types of immune mechanisms? | nonspecific and specific immunity |
| Nonspecific immunities act against anything recognized as _________. | not self |
| Nonspecific immunities have a __________ response. | fast |
| What are the four cell types within the nonspecific immunity system? | neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, natural killer (nk) cells |
| Specific immunities recognize specific __________. | agents |
| Specific immunities require extra __________ for recognition and reaction. | time |
| What are the two cell types within the specific immunity system? | T cell lymphocytes, B cell lymphocytes |
| Nonspecific immunity, species resistance is provided by _________ characteristics. | genetic |
| The internal environment of the body is __________ for certain pathogens. | not suitable |
| Mechanical and chemical barriers act as the __________ line of defense. | first |
| Unbroken _______ and ________ act as a mechanical barrier. | skin, mucus membranes |
| Four types of chemical barriers are _____________. | sebum, mucus, enzymes, and hydrochloric acid |
| ________ is a type of chemical barrier that contains pathogen inhibitors. | sebum |
| ________ is a type of chemical barrier that is difficult for pathogens to penetrate. | mucus |
| ________ are a type of chemical barrier that may hydrolyze pathogens. | enzymes |
| ________ is a type of chemical barrier that may destroy pathogens by inflicting acid burns. | hydrochloric acid |
| Inflammation acts as the ________ line of defense. | second |
| In the inflammatory response, chemical mediators are released from __________ cells. | mast |
| In the inflammatory response, what three chemical mediators are released from mast cells? | histamines, kinins, and prostaglandins |
| Histamines increase capillary ____________ and ____________. | permeability, vasodilation |
| Kinins increase capillary ____________ and ____________. | permeability, vasodilation |
| Both ___________ and ___________ increase capillary permeability and vasodilation. | histamines, kinins |
| __________ act as chemotaxins. | kinins |
| Kinins act as ____________. | chemotaxins |
| ___________ stimulate complement system. | kinins |
| ___________ cause fever and enhance pain. | prostaglandins |
| What are the four signs of inflammation? | heat, redness, pain, swelling |
| Phagocytes extend ____________ and encircle bacteria. | pseudopods |
| What is the sac inside a phagocyte which engulfs bacteria? | phagosome |
| Within a phagocyte, the fusing of a ___________ with a ____________ results in the digestion of bacteria. | lysosome, phagosome |
| _________ are the most numerous phagocytes. | neutrophils |
| Neutrophils are moved out of blood vessels by ____________. | diapedesis |
| ___________ are the first phagocytes to arrive. | neutrophils |
| Neutrophils have a __________ life span. | short |
| __________ is formed by dead neutrophils. | pus |
| ___________ are monocytes that have migrated out of the blood. | macrophages |
| Macrophages are present in _________ areas of the body. | many |
| __________ are a type of lymphocyte in addition to B cells and T cells. | natural killer (nk) cells |
| Natural killer (nk) cells are especially important in killing _________ cells and ___________ cells. | tumor, virus infected |
| Natural killer (nk) cells function by causing ___________. | cell lysis |
| ____________ is produced by virus-infected cells and inhibits virus reproduction. | interferon |
| A ___________ is a group of plasma proteins that is inactive until stimulated. | complement |
| A complement is a group of _____________ that is inactive until stimulated. | plasma proteins |
| _____________ work together to destroy bacteria and some viruses. | complements |
| Specific immunities act as the _______ line of defense. | third |
| What are the first through third lines of defense? | mechanical and chemical barriers, inflammation, specific immunity |
| ___________ attacks specific, non-self agents. | specific immunity |
| Specific immunity is orchestrated by what two different lymphocytes? | B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes |
| B lymphocytes (B cells) produce ___________ and thus ___________ immunity. | antibodies, antibody mediated |
| __________ attack pathogens directly. | antibodies |
| __________ direct phagocytes to attack. | antibodies |
| Antibodies direct __________ to attack. | phagocytes |
| __________ provide cell mediated immunity. | T lymphocytes |
| T lymphocytes attack ___________ directly. | pathogens |
| Some surface markers on body cells are unique to ___________. | lymphocytes |
| What is the system for naming cell surface markers? | CD system |
| The CD system / cell surface marker refers to a single, defined surface marker ___________. | protein |
| The CD system / cell surface marker can identify specific __________. | T cells |
| Most lymphocytes are located in what four areas? | bone marrow, thymus gland, lymph nodes, and spleen |
| What is the cycle of lymphocyte movement? | structures -> blood, tissue spaces, lymph -> blood, tissue spaces |
| ________ are large molecules that induce immune response. | antigens |
| Antigenic determinants are also known as ___________. | epitopes |
| ____________ are the parts of the antigen that the lymphocyte recognizes as being foreign. | antigenic determinants (epitopes) |
| ___________ are large protein molecules that interlock with and destroy antigens. | antibodies |
| ___________ are antigen receptor sites on antibodies that have specific shapes. | combining sites |
| What is the term for an antibody antigen receptor attached to the antigenic determinant? | antigen-antibody complex |
| What is a group (family) of cells from one original? | clone |
| What is a group of plasma proteins that work together to destroy foreign cells? | complement |
| There are ___ stages of development and activation of B cells. | 2 |
| The first stage of development of B cells occurs in what three locations? | yolk sac, red marrow, and fetal liver |
| Inactive B cells are developed by the time an infant is ___________ old. | several months |
| Inactive B cells produce _________ and insert them on the cell surface. | antibodies |
| ___________ produce antibodies and insert them on the cell surface. | inactive B cells |
| Surface antibody combining sites become ___________. | antigen receptors |
| Inactive B cells circulate to the _________ and _________. | lymph nodes, spleen |
| Activation of B cells involves inactive B cells and a specific antigen forming ____________ of the B cell plasma membrane. | antigen-antibody complex |
| During the activation stage of B cells, rapid B cell division is triggered, forming __________ of cells. | clones |
| During the activation stage of B cells, some new cells become __________ and secrete _________ molecules | plasma cells, antibodies |
| During the activation stage of B cells, other new cells become __________ cells. | memory B |
| __________ cells become plasma cells if exposed to the same antigen at a later time. | memory B |
| Antibodies are also known as _______. | immunoglobins |
| Each antibody is made up of two _________ chains and two _________ chains. | heavy, light |
| Antibodies form a ____ shape. | Y |
| The two variable regions of an antibody formed by the two branches of the Y are __________. | antigen binding sites |
| The constant region of an antibody formed by the base of the Y is __________. | complement binding site |
| ___________ is a code for a specific antibody produced by combinations of genes. | somatic recombination hypothesis |
| __________ mutations may give additional variations in antibodies. | gene |
| Most __________ are eliminated, otherwise we would all have auto immune disease. | "anti-self" B cells |
| What are the five classes of antibodies? | IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, IgD |
| What class of antibodies makes up 75% of circulating antibodies? | IgG |
| What class of antibodies is produced by secondary antibody response? | IgG |
| What class of antibodies is produced in mucous membranes, saliva, and tears? | IgA |
| What class of antibodies is produced by immature B cells? | IgM |
| What class of antibodies is produced by activated B cells after contacting antigen? | IgM |
| What class of antibodies is associated with allergies? | IgE |
| What class of antibodies acts as an antigen receptor? | IgD |
| What is an antigen-antibody reaction that deactivates toxins? | neutralization |
| What is an antigen-antibody reaction that sticks to antigen cells and holds them together? | agglutination |
| Another antigen-antibody reaction includes changing the shape of an antigen molecule on the surface of a cell to expose the _____________. | complement-binding site |
| The ___________ function of an antibody is a series of 20 plasma enzymes. | complement |
| The series of 20 plasma enzymes of an antibody become activated when they contact the antigen's _____________ | complement-binding site |
| An antibody becoming activated when it contacts an antigen's complement-binding site results in a series of ____________. | complement activations |
| The complement function of antibodies results in the _________ in the antigen bearing cell. | cytolysis |
| One complement function of antibodies is to provide an ___________, that is, activation without stimulation by antigens. | alternate pathway |
| What are the three groups of functions of antibodies? | antigen-antibody reactions, complement, clonal selectional theory |
| ___________ states that by selecting the lymphocytes with the ______________, each antigen provokes it's own destruction. | clonal selection theory, complementary receptors |
| ________ are lymphocytes that develop and multiply in the thymus. | T cells |
| T cells are lymphocytes that develop and multiply in the ________. | thymus |
| T cells leave the thymus and migrate to T-dependent zones in the _________ and _________. | lymph nodes, spleen |
| ___________ of T cells occur when an antigen binds to T cell antigen receptors. | activation |
| During activation of a T cell, a ____________ processes the antigen. | macrophage |
| During macrophage processing of an antigen, the macrophage presents the processed antigen to ___________ on the T cell. | antigen receptors |
| Activating a T cell is also known as __________ a T cell. | sensitizing |
| Activating a T cell causes the T cell to divide repeatedly, forming a _________ of identical sensitized T cells. | clone |
| Cloned T cells can form either __________ or ___________. | cytotoxic T cells, T memory cells |
| Sensitized T cells migrate to the site of the __________. | antigen |
| Sensitized T cells bind to processed _________ presented by __________. | antigens, macrophages |
| Antigen-bound sensitized T cells release chemical messengers called __________ into inflamed tissue. | cytokines or lymphokines |
| Cytokines are also known as __________. | lymphokines |
| __________ factors attract macrophages. | chemotactic |
| __________ factors halt macrophage migration. | migration inhibition |
| __________ factor increases phagocytosis. | macrophage-activating |
| __________ (including perforin) kills cells. | lymphotoxin |
| Cytotoxic T cells are also known as __________. | killer T cells |
| Cytotoxic T cells release __________. | lymphotoxin |
| ___________ help B cells differentiate into antibody-secreting plasma cells. | helper T cells |
| Helper T cells help B cells differentiate into antibody-secreting plasma cells by secreting ____________ and ________. | interleukin-2, interleukin-4 |
| ___________ T cells suppress B cell differentiation into plasma cells. | suppressor |
| A type of specific immunity, inherited immunity is __________. | genetic |
| _________ immunity is developed after birth. | acquired |
| _________ immunity results from natural exposure to antigens. | natural |
| __________ immunity is acquired through exposure to disease. | natural active |
| __________ immunity is acquired from antibodies from mothers' milk. | natural passive |
| __________ immunity is acquired through injections or oral ingestion of antigen. | artificial active |
| __________ immunity is acquired through injection of antibodies. | artificial passive |
| The immune system is located throughout the _________. | body |
| The immune system includes many different types of cells and their ___________. | secretions |
| The immune system is __________ with most body systems. | interdependent |
| What disorder of the immune system is a result of hypersensitivity? | allergies |
| What disorder of the immune system is an example of an autoimmunity disorder? | systemic lupus erythematosus |
| What two conditions of the immune system are examples of isoimmunity conditions? | pregnancy, tissue transplants |
| What are the two types of immune deficiencies? | congenital, acquired (AIDS) |
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