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What are some treatments that denature proteins?
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In a hypotonic solution, is there more solute inside or outside the cell? What will a cell in a hypotonic solution do?
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Bis 2A - Midterm 1
Flash cards to study for BIS2A's first midterm at UC Davis with Prof. Murphy.
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are some treatments that denature proteins? | Heat Acid Alcohol |
| In a hypotonic solution, is there more solute inside or outside the cell? What will a cell in a hypotonic solution do? | Inside Bursting (Lysis) |
| Define a pump. | Uses energy to move molecules across membrane. |
| Define the active site of an enzyme. | A region on an enzyme that binds to a protein or other substance during a reaction. |
| By what methods can enzymes achieve substrate specificity? | Complementary shape and/or charge. Their hydrophobic and hydrophilic characteristics. |
| What is the general role of high energy compounds in the cell (three activities)? | Movement Transport Synthesis |
| Define allosteric. | Relating to or denoting the alteration of the activity or shape of a protein (enzyme) through the binding of an effector at a specific site. |
| Define metabolism. What is a metabolic pathway? | Chemical reactions in a cell. They go in a certain sequence, which is called a pathway. |
| What are the advantage(s) of electron microscopy? | High resolution |
| What are the disadvantage(s) of electron microscopy? | Electron beam limited by: Air Thick subjects Lack of contrast |
| What are the advantage(s) of light microscopy? | Simple - can be used for live, functioning cells |
| What are the disadvantage(s) of light microscopy? | Resolution limited by: Light scattering Lack of contrast Wavelength of light |
| What are the advantage(s) of flourescence microscopy? | Improved contrast Minimized light scattering |
| What are the disadvantage(s) of flourescence microscopy? | Still limited by wavelength of light |
| How do we know that spontaneous generation does not occur? | A scientist named Pasteur boiled meat broth in a swan-neck flask; this prevented particles from getting inside. Nothing grew. As a control, broth was exposed to air; particles could get in and living organisms grew. |
| What are the three tenets of cell theory? | 1. Cells are the simplest bits of living material 2. All organisms are cells, are composed of cells, or can be subdivided into cells 3. Cells come from pre-existing cells |
| What are the first four axioms of biology? | 1. Universe is regular enough to allow useful predictions 2. Need controlled experiments - scientific method 3. Progress in science requires freedom of inquiry 4. Living organisms obey laws of physics and chemistry (mechanism) |
| What are the last four axioms of biology? | 5. Functions of living organisms based on catalysis of chemical reactions that take place in microscopic structures 6. Living organisms formed through reproduction 7. All forms of life subject to natural selection 8. Life has an origin and history |
| What are six characteristics of living organisms? In other words, what are the characteristics an organism must have in order for us to call it alive? | 1. Ability to reproduce 2. Complex and organized 3. Acquire and use materials and energy 4. Ability to regulate internal conditions 5. Respond to stimuli 6. Capacity for growth 7. Capacity to evolve |
| What is vitalism? In science, do we use this approach? | Belief in a "soul" - we do not use this approach |
| What is mechanism? In science, do we use this approach? | Organisms are like machines; parts work together - we use this approach |
| When referring to microscopy, what is contrast? | Ability to distinguish between different parts of the cell |
| When referring to microscopy, what is magnification? | How big the blown-up image is |
| When referring to microscopy, what is resolution? | How clear and easy it is to see the image |
| What is atomic force microscopy and why does it have a better resolution than light microscopy? | A moving "finger" traces the shape of an object and is not limited by the wavelength of light. |
| What is an advantage of microscopy when studying the function of a part of a cell? | We keep the structure of the cell |
| What is a disadvantage of microscopy when studying the function of a part of a cell? | May not be able to distinguish between cell parts |
| What is an advantage of cell fractionation when studying the function of a part of a cell? | We can attribute function to isolated parts |
| What is a disadvantage of cell fractionation when studying the function of a part of a cell? | Lose structure of cells Some functions are dependent on the structure of cells |
| What is the relationship between the nuclear membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and plasma membrane? | Nuclear envelope outbuds - forms E.R. E.R. produces vesicles filled with material Golgi takes material from E.R. vesicles & alters the material Golgi releases new vesicles with altered material Vesicles may fuse to plasma membrane for secretion |
| After the Golgi apparatus edits material received from the endoplasmic reticulum, what are the three options for the Golgi vesicles? | 1. Stay as storage vesicles (i.e. lysosomes) 2. Fuse with plasma membrane to secrete material 3. Fuse with another membrane to transfer material to another organelle |
| What are the principal chemical elements that contribute to the structure of carbohydrates? | Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen |
| What are the principal chemical elements that contribute to the structure of lipids? | Carbon chain (tetrahedral - zig zag shape) Hydrocarbon |
| What are the principal chemical elements that contribute to the structure of proteins? | Polymers of amino acids (3D structure) |
| How many bonds can carbon make? | Four |
| How many bonds can hydrogen make? | One |
| How many bonds can nitrogen make? | Three |
| How many bonds can oxygen make? | Two |
| How many bonds can sulfur make? | Two |
| How many bonds can phosphorus make? | Five |
| What is a polymer? | A large molecule composed of repeating structural units I.e. cellulose, starch, glycogen |
| What are the components of a triglyceride? | Glycerol Three fatty acids |
| What are the components of a phospholipid? | Diglyceride Phosphate Other organic molecules (usually charged) |
| In what solvent do polar molecules dissolve? Non-polar? | Polar dissolves in polar Non-polar dissolves in non-polar |
| What is the primary structure of proteins? | Amino acid sequences Peptide bonds One dimensional structure |
| What is the secondary structure of proteins? | Hydrogen bonds in polypeptide backbone Alpha-helix and beta-pleated sheet structures |
| What is the tertiary structure of proteins? | Detailed 3D structure; positions of side chains Bonds between side chains |
| What is the quaternary structure of proteins? | Combination of separate polypeptide chains Held together by interactions between side chains |
| What are the bonds that stabilize protein structure (tertiary structure)? | Hydrogen bonds Ionic Van Der Waal's Disulfide Hydrophobic |
| Of the following bonds, which ones are weak & which are strong: ionic, hydrophobic, van der waal's, disulfide, hydrogen? | Weak: Hydrogen, ionic, and Van Der Waal's Strong: Disulfide, hydrophobic |
| Why is protein structure so readily changed by mild heating? | Heat causes the proteins to shake/vibrate, which breaks their weakest bonds, then amino acids begin to unravel |
| What are the parts of the fluid mosaic model? | Transmembrane protein Integral protein Peripheral membrane protein Carbohydrates Cholesterol Phospholipid bilayer |
| What are the four ways molecules can cross a biological membrane? | 1. Dissolving in lipid bilayer 2. Pores in lipid bilayer 3. Channels, carriers 4. Pumps |
| In a hypertonic solution, is there more solute inside or outside the cell? What happens to a cell in this condition? | More outside Cell shrinks (crenulates) |
| What is a channel? | Controlled hole for rapid flow Downhill - along energy gradient Gated - open/close in response to stimulus |
| How does a transmembrane carrier work? | Carrier binds molecule (specific, reversible binding site) Shifts to expose molecule to other side (flexible) Releases molecule Back to original position |
| What types of molecules do channels act on? | Na+ K+ Cl- Ca2+ H2O |
| What types of molecules do pumps act on? | H+ Ca2+ Na+/K+ Mg2+ K+ K+/H+ P-lipid heavy metals |
| What are enzymes composed of? | Proteins |
| What are three ways an enzyme catalyst can lower activation energy of a reaction? | 1. Active site sterically strains the substrate 2. Electric charges in active site relocate electrons of substrates 3. Amino acid side chains in active site react covalently with substrate |
| Define substrate. | The substance acted upon by an enzyme |
| How are substrates bonded to enzymes? | Covalent bonds Bond strains |
| What is substrate/reaction specificity? | A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme reacts |
| What are metabolic pathways that we discussed in lecture? | Synthesis of fatty acids, amino acids, sugars, lipids, proteins, polysaccharides Breakdown of lipids, proteins, toxic wastes Harvesting energy, repair, etc |
| What is a modulator? | Alteration in the effectiveness of voltage gated or ligand gated ion channels by changing the characteristics of current flow through the channels |
| What is a regulatory enzyme? | Regulates a pathway's activity through responses to the presence of certain other biomolecules. |
| Define regulatory subunit. | A subunit of a heteromultimeric enzyme that has a reg |
| What does "high energy" mean when describing a compound? | Endergonic |
| Define endergonic. | Absorbs energy ΔG > 0 Reaction does not run spontaneously |
| Define exergonic. | Releases energy ΔG < 0 Reaction runs spontaneously |
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starrydays
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