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93. A cute, little curly haired child is sitting behind you in church. You turn around for a moment and she sticks her tongue out at you. Which tongue muscle did she use?
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94. Which group of muscles flexes and rotates the neck?
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A & P I Exam 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 93. A cute, little curly haired child is sitting behind you in church. You turn around for a moment and she sticks her tongue out at you. Which tongue muscle did she use? | Genioglossus |
| 94. Which group of muscles flexes and rotates the neck? | the scalenes |
| 95. Which muscles are involved in crossing one leg over the other while in a sitting position? | the sartorius |
| 96. Which muscles insert by the calcaneal tendon? | the gastrocnemius |
| 97. If a lever operates at a mechanical disadvantage, it means that the | load is far from the fulcrum and the effort is applied near the fulcrum |
| 98. Which muscles compress the abdomen? | coccygeus |
| 99. A muscle group that works with and assists the action of a prime mover is a(n): | synergist |
| 100. List the muscle located on the dorsal side of the body (trunk) | infraspinatus |
| 101. List the members of the hamstring group? | Semitendinosus, semimembranosus, biceps femoris |
| 102. A nursing infant develops a powerful sucking muscle that adults also use for whistling called the: | buccinator |
| 103. Spasms of this straplike muscle often result in wryneck or torticollis. | sternocleidomastoid |
| 104. Describe the general nature of movement by skeletal muscles - | -Muscles produce movement by pulling on bones. -The bones serve as levers. -The movements produced may be of graded intensity |
| 105. List the ways of classifying muscles? | -muscle location -the type of action they cause -muscle shape |
| 106. In flexing the forearm at the elbow, the antagonist is | triceps brachii |
| 107. The function of the Orbicularis oris: | closes, purses, and protrudes the lips |
| 108. Describe a pennate muscle pattern: | muscles look like a feather |
| 109. The extensor digitorum longus has which type of fascicle arrangement? | unipennate |
| 110. Tennis players often complain about pain in the arm (forearm) that swings the racquet. What muscle is usually strained under these conditions? | the brachioradialis |
| 111. To exhale forcibly, one would contract the: | internal intercostals and diaphragm |
| 112. Paralysis of which muscles would make an individual unable to flex the thigh? | iliopsoas and rectus femoris |
| 113. Describe a First-class lever: | can operate at a mechanical advantage or mechanical disadvantage |
| 116. List the muscles is involved in abduction? | deltoid |
| 117. List the flexors of the thigh? | adductor magnus |
| 118. Which muscles are involved in inversion at the ankle joint? | tibialis anterior |
| 119. Which muscle serves as a common intramuscular injection site, particularly in infants? | the vastus lateralis |
| 120. Paralysis of which muscles would make an individual unable to flex the knee? | hamstring muscles |
| 121. Which muscles act in plantar flexion? | tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus |
| 122. ________ is a powerful forearm extensor. | Triceps brachii |
| 123. The ________ is known as the boxer muscle | serratus anterior |
| 124. The ________ runs deep to the external oblique. | internal oblique |
| 125. The ______ helps keep food between the grinding surfaces of the teeth during chewing | buccinator |
| 126. ________ draws the corners of the mouth downward as in expressing horror. | Platysma |
| 127. ________ is the main chewing muscle. | Masseter |
| 128. The pectoralis major has a ________ arrangement of fascicles. | convergent |
| 129. ________ fibers run at right angles to the axis of the muscle. | Transversus |
| 130. The quadriceps femoris is composed of three vastus muscles and the | rectus femoris |
| 131. ________ is a synergist of the latissimus dorsi; it extends, medially rotates, and adducts the humerus. | Teres major |
| 132. ________ extends the great toe. | Extensor hallucis longus |
| 133. Bodybuilders are known for their "great quads." Describe the quadriceps muscles. | muscles of the front and sides of the thigh |
| 134. A woman mentions to her friend that another person on the beach has "great abs." What is she talking about? | bulging muscles between the tendinous intersections |
| 135. Muscles that act as synergists seem to have valuable functions, especially in stabilizing joints. Briefly explain their function. | Synergists aid agonists by promoting the same movement |
| 136. How does an antagonist differ from a prime mover? How is it the same? | prime mover is the muscle that causes the desired movement to occur |
| 137. An elderly woman, with extensive osteoarthritis of her left hip joint | Gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, and gluteus minimus |
| 138. A wide receiver for the Dallas Cowboys pulled a hamstring muscle. What muscles could be affected and what would the effect be? . | biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus |
| 139. Malcolm was bending over to pick up a heavy box when he was suddenly startled by a rat. He experienced severe pain in his back with muscle spasms and was unable to straighten up. What muscles could have been affected? | He probably affected the erector spinae muscles |
| 140. How can a lever system work at a disadvantage but still be of use to us? | the fulcrum is operating at a disadvantage, but the advantage is that the load can move over large distances |
| 142. Which muscle is used for normal breathing and which additional muscles are used when performing strenuous exercises? | The diaphragm |
| 143. Damage to the ischiocavernosus muscle would have what effect? | impossible to achieve an erection of the penis and the clitoris would not become erect |
| 145. Describe the functioning of direct-acting neurotransmitters: | open ion channels to provoke rapid responses |
| 146. State Ohm's law and describe its relevance to nerve impulses | Current is directly proportional to the voltage |
| 147. An excitatory neurotransmitter secreted by motor neurons innervating skeletal muscle is: | acetylcholine |
| 148. The period after an initial stimulus when a neuron is not sensitive to another stimulus is the: | refractory period |
| 149. The point at which an impulse from one nerve cell is communicated to another nerve cell is the: | synapse |
| 150. The role of acetylcholinesterase is to: | destroy ACh |
| 151. The substance released at axonal endings to propagate a nervous impulse is called a(n): | neurotransmitter |
| 152. Saltatory conduction is made possible by: | the myelin sheath |
| 153. Which ions are actively transported through the cell membrane to establish a resting potential? | Na (Sodium) |
| 154. Describe the measurement of membrane potential. | Voltage is measured by placing one electrode inside the membrane |
| 155. Describe the functioning of the sodium-potassium pump: | pumps three sodium ions outside the cell |
| 156. Describe the initiation and propagation of an action potential: | is essential for impulse propagation |
| 158. An inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) is associated with: | hyperpolarization |
| 159. What will occur when an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) is being generated on the dendritic membrane? | A single type of channel will open |
| 160. When a sensory neuron is excited by some form of energy, the resulting graded potential is called a(n): | generator potential |
| 161. Describe the natureof graded potentials | are short-lived |
| 162. A second nerve impulse cannot be generated until: | the membrane potential has been reestablished |
| 163. In what way does the interior surface of a cell membrane of a resting (nonconducting) neuron differ from the external environment? The interior is: | negatively charged and contains less sodium |
| 164. What would happen if a motor neuron in the body were stimulated by an electrode placed about midpoint along the length of the axon: | the impulse would spread bidirectionally |
| 165. That part of the nervous system that is voluntary and conducts impulses from the CNS to the skeletal muscles is the ________ nervous system. | somatic |
| 166. ________ are found in the CNS and act as the glue that binds axons and blood vessels to each other. | Astrocytes |
| 167. The gap between Schwann cells in the peripheral system is called a(n) | node of Ranvier |
| 168. ________ law is the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance. | Ohmʹs |
| 169. The most common synapse in embryonic nervous tissue is the | electrical synapse |
| 170. When information is delivered within the CNS simultaneously by different parts of the neural pathway, the process is called ________ processing. | parallel |
| 171. ________ potentials are short-lived, local changes in membrane potential that can be either depolarized or hyperpolarized. | Graded |
| 172. ________ is a disease that gradually destroys the myelin sheaths of neurons in the CNS, particularly in young adults. | Multiple sclerosis (MS) |
| 173. When one or more presynaptic neurons fire in rapid order it produces a much greater depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane than would result from a single EPSP; this event is called ________ summation. | temporal |
| 174. ________ is a neurotransmitter of the CNS that is used by Purkinje cells of the CNS. | GABA |
| 175. Define neurotransmitter. Name two amino acid neurotransmitters, two catecholamines, and two peptides. | chemical signals used as a means of communication |
| 176. What function is served by the increased axonal diameter at the nodes of Ranvier? | Increased diameter results in increased surface area |
| 177. Imagine a neuron that has several hundred axonal knobs impinging on it. The majority of these axonal knobs are shown to be "firing." However, the neuron in question does not transmit an impulse. Give a valid explanation of why this could occur. | Both excitatory and inhibitory potentials impinge on neurons |
| 178. Why does a hyperpolarization phase generally follow a repolarization phase in an action potential? | Immediately after an action potential the potassium gates |
| 179. What are the basic divisions of the peripheral nervous system? | Sensory and motor divisions |
| 180. Since all action potentials are alike, how does the brain separate situations that require immediate attention from ordinary "positional" reports? | stimulus is derived from the number of stimuli received |
| 181. How can a single axon respond to several different kinds of events? | Some axon terminals contain more than one kind of neurotransmitter |
| 182. ATP neurotransmitters have what basic effect on the body? | They provoke a sensation of pain |
| 183. How can potentially poisonous gasses like NO and CO be used by the body? | promote longer-lasting effects |
| 185. The most common synapse in embryonic nervous tissue is the ________. | electrical synapse |
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