Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Pharm U3 Terms
Pharmacology: Unit 3 Terms
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Bacterial resistance/”super bugs” | organisms build up resistance to drugs that have been used too frequently, infections have been treated incompletely, i.e. medication discontinued before required # of days to become fully effective |
| Empiric therapy | based on probable offending organism; treatment that is initiated before test results become available b/c of seriousness of infection |
| Culture and sensitivity | test of body fluids in medium with antibiotics to ascertain sensitivity or resistance to different antibiotics |
| Prophylactic therapy | treatment initiated before exposure to pathogens |
| Host factors that have bearing on antibiotic therapy | age of pt, allergy to anti-infective drug, impaired hepatic/renal function, pregnancy stat, site of infection, host of defenses |
| Adverse reactions | allergic hypersensitivity, direct toxicity, indirect toxicity |
| Allergic hypersensitivity | over-response of body to a specific substance; can be mild (rash, urticarial, fever) or severe manifested as anaphylaxis (sudden onset of dyspnea, chest constriction, shock, and collapse |
| Direct toxicity | results in tissue damage, such as ototoxicity (hearing difficulty/vertigo), nephrotoxicity (kidney dysfunction), hepatotoxicity, blood dyscrasias (abnormalities in blood components), phlebitis/phototoxicity/sensitivity |
| Indirect toxicity/superinfection | condition in which antibiotic decreases/completely eliminates normal bacterial flora; Manifested as new infection w/ different resistant bacteria/fungi; result of killing the normal flora in intestines/mucous membranes, esp. w/ broad spectrum antibiotics. |
| Penicillins | produced from fungus; MOA bactericidal, interferes w/ cell wall synthesis. Used to treat gram+ & gram- organisms |
| Penicillin classifications | natural, penicillinase resistant, aminopenicillins, extended spectrum penicillins |
| Penicillin adverse/side effects | NVD, hypersensitivity reactions ranging from rash to fatal analphylaxis; superinfections; blood dyscrasias; renal/hepatic disorders; CNS effects |
| Penicillin counseling tips | discontinue use & immediately report any hypersensitivity; take on time as prescribed on empty stomach one to two hours after meals w/ water; avoid alcohol & antacids; may affect birth control effectiveness; include probiotics in diet |
| Cephalosporins | semisynthetic, antibiotic derivatives made by fungus; related to penicillins; some patients allergic to penicillins are also allergic to this drug (cross sensitivity); broad spectrum, active against many gram+ & gram- bacteria; vary widely in activity |
| Cephalosporin MOA | bactericidal; interferes w/ bacterial cell wall synthesis (this is not penicillin) |
| Cephalosporin culture and sensitivity | how would you determine which cephalosporin is appropriate for a specific condition? |
| Cephalosporin side/adverse effects | NVD; hypersensitivity; cross sensitivity w/ penicillins; blood dyscrasias, respiratory distress, seizures; IM injections painful, IV admin can cause phlebitis |
| Macrolides | erythromycin was first released; considered among least toxic antibiotics, so preferred for treating susceptible organisms under conditions which more toxic antibiotics might be dangerous; gram – bacilli usually resistance |
| Macrolides MOA | bacteriostatic; inhibit protein synthesis |
| Macrolides uses | respiratory tract infections; skin conditions i.e. acne; some STDs when patient is allergic to penicillin |
| Macrolide side/adverse effects | serious adverse effects rare; mild side effects usually dose related; NVD, anorexia; GI cramping |
| Macrolide counseling tips | be aware of GI side effects; take medication with full glass of water one hour before or two hours after meals, unless stomach is upset |
| Aminoglycosides | not administered orally, just parenterally, IM or IV (poor absorption from GI tract) |
| Aminoglycoside uses | reserved for short-term treatment of serious or life-threatening infections, particularly gram- bacteria, only when other less toxic agents are ineffective or contraindicated |
| Aminoglycoside side/adverse effects | especially in older adults, dehydrated patients, or those w/ renal or hearing impairment; can include nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity, neuromuscular blocking, CNS symptoms |
| Tetracyclines | first broad-spectrum antibiotics released in US; bacteriostatic, interferes w/ protein synthesis in many gram+ and gram- bacteria |
| Tetracycline uses | rickettsia, chlamydia, some uncommon bacteria; some organisms are showing increasing resistance to this group, so should only be used when other antibiotics are ineffective or contraindicated |
| Tetracycline side/adverse effects | NVD; superinfections such as vaginitis, stomatitis; photosensitivity; teeth discoloration in fetus/young children, so not given to kids under 8 |
| Fluoroquinolones | excellent oral absorption; bactericidal, alters DNA of bacteria; possible serious side effects in children/older adults; should be reserved to treat infections nonresponsive to other antibiotics |
| Fluoroquinolone uses | skin, bone, joint infections, UTIs, lower respiratory infections; gonorrhea, pneumonia, gastroenteritis; anthrax |
| Fluoroquinolone side/adverse effects | NVD; crystalluria; CNS issues; seizures, possible cartilage or tendon damage |
| Fluoroquinolone counseling tips | drink liberal quantities of water, avoid strenuous exercise during and several weeks after therapy |
| Lincomysins | bacteriostatic, inhibits protein synthesis; treats bone and joint, pelvic and intraabdominal, and skin and soft tissue infections; bacterial septicemia, pneumonia |
| Vancomycin | structurally unrelated to other available antibiotics; bactericidal; causes cell lysis |
| Vancomycin uses | IV treats potentially life-threatening that cannot be treated with less-toxic agents; drug of choice to treat MRSA, treating gram+ infections in penicillin allergic pts. Restricted to cases in which absolutely necessary due to increase in resistance. |
| Vancomycin side/adverse effects | NV; “red neck” syndrome from administration too quickly; ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity |
| Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) | cases of resistance have become more prevalent across the globe, leading to vancomycin used as last line of defense against staphylococcal infections; linezolid (zyvox) is latest antibiotic to target MRSA and VRE |
| Metronidazole (Flagyl) | synthetic, antibacterial and antiprotozoal agent; bactericidal, trichomonacidal, and amebicidal; disrupts DNA and protein synthesis in susceptible organism; oral, parentral, topical formulations; resistance almost nonexistence |
| Metronidazole (Flagyl) counseling tips | expect changes in appearance of urine; avoid alcohol |
| Sulfonamides | among the most commonly used antibacterial agents in world, particularly against UTIs; bacteriostatic; inhibits bacterial enzyme to prevent synthesis of folic acid; treats UTIs, lung abscesses, burns, et al. |
| Sulfonamide side/adverse effects | NVD; urticaria; photosensitivity; stomatitis; crystalluria and hematuria |
| Fungi | may be unicellular (yeasts) or multicellular (hyphae), or both; some are part of the normal flora of skin, mouth, intestines, vagina; can cause allergic, toxic, and infectious disease in humans |
| Antifungal drugs | used to treat specific susceptible fungi; medications are quite different in action and purpose, and are treated separately; human host cannot tolerate the high chemical concentration of the agent to treat systemic conditions |
| Amphotericin B (Fungizone IV) | can be fungistatic or fungicidal depending on strength; treats severe systems, potentially fatal infections caused by fungi; can be used to treat severe fungal infections due to immunosuppressive therapy or AIDS pts |
| Azole antifungals | fungistatic or fungicidal depending on dosage; inhibits synthesis of sterols, a necessary component of fungi cell membrane |
| Griseofulvin products | fungistatic; administered PO in the treatment of specific fungi causing tinea infections (ringworm) of the skin and nails that do not respons to topical agents; accurate diagnosis of infection organism is essential |
| Virus | tiny intracellular organism totally dependent on living host for survival and necessary material to replicate; intracellular development allows organism to bypass many of the body’s defense mechanisms |
| Antiviral drugs | limiting factors; viral replication reaches peak before clinical symptoms appear, agents must be admin before disease appears; drugs designed to inhibit viral cells must also effect host cells and may be too toxic |
| Neuraminidase inhibitors | indicated for treatment of uncomplicated acute illness due to influenza A and B; inhibits neuraminidase, which alters virus particle aggregation/release; i.e. Tamiflu |
| Retrovirus | replicates in a unique process in which viral RNA is translated into DNA by reverse transcriptase, then integrated into the host chromosome; exists in latent state until reactiviated |
| Antiretroviral drugs | used to treat HIV which has a unique way of replicating; drugs only effective when the virus is replicating; often administered as cocktail called HAART; combo of three or more agents |
| HAART | highly active antiretroviral therapy |
| Antiretroviral drug MOA | inhibit replication at certain sites; include antagonists and inhibitors such as CCR5-tropic antagonists, entry inhibitors, fusion inhibitors, reverse transcription inhibitors, |
| Reverse transcriptase inhibitors | nucleoside analogs that look like HIV DNA and incorporate into new viral DNA as false bases to terminate synthesis |
| Protease inhibitors | reversibly bind to the protease enzyme and prevent the enzyme from producing new active viral proteins |
| AIDS | acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; set of defined clinical conditions that result from infection of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) |
| HIV | human immunodeficiency virus; any of the lenteviruses and especially HIV1 that infect and destroy helper T cells of the immune system causing marked reduction in their numbers that is diagnostic of AIDS |
| ELISA; enzyme linked immunosorbent assay | primary screening test of HIV/AIDS; detects antibodies produced in response to HIV infection |
| Western blot | confirmatory test of AIDS/HIV; detects antibodies produced in response to the HIV infection |
| PCR test | identifies HIV in blood |
| HIV | infects the helper T cells and macrophages of the immune system; retrovirus that replicates DNA from RNA |
| HIV routes of transmission | unprotected sexual contact, IV drug use, mother to child transmission during pregnancy, delivery, breast feeding. |
| Stages of HIV infection | infection, asymptomatic state, symptomatic disease official diagnosis made when T-4 count drops below 200, endstage disease (immune system collapse) |
| Start of treatment for HIV/AIDS | universal agreement to start with T-4 count at 350 cells/mL and below |
| Tuberculosis (TB) | chronic granulamotous infection caused by mycobacterium; single biggest infectious killer in world. Most commonly affects lungs, but other body areas can also be infected; transmitted by airborne droplets |
| Anti-TB treatment | treated even if asymptomatic (due to exposure) or due to positive skin test; if even one dose is missed of the six to twelve month long treatment, treatment must be started over from the beginning |
| Specific anti-TB drug MOA | inhibit cell wall synthesis or protein synthesis; drug regimen must be strictly followed |
| Anti-TB drug side/adverse effects of rifampin/INH | usually more pronounced in first weeks of therapy; can be treated symptomatically; NVD, hepatotoxicity; red orange excretions seen in sweat, saliva, tears, etc. |
| Malaria | caused by plasmodium and insect vector mosquito; symptoms appear in erythrocytic phase |
| Anti-malarial drug MOA | interrupt the multiplication of parasites within the erythrocyte by interfereing with protein synthesis and by inhibiting DNA and RNA production |
| Prophylactic drugs | taken as prevention and require continuous administration to reduce risk of infection |
| Therapy drugs | taken once a person is already infected to treat and cure the disease |
| Amebiasis | infection of large intestine produced by protozoan parasite entamoeba hisolytica; transmitted via ingestion of cysts (fecal oral route) from food/water or person to person contact |
| Toxoplasmosis | infestation by intracellular parasite, toxoplasma gondii. Contracted by ingesting cysts in inadequately cooked raw meat or by ingesting cat feces |
| Trichomoniasis | disease of the vagina caused by trichomonas vaginalis; symptoms include wet, inflamed vagina, strawberry cervix, thin yellow malodorous discharge |
| Helminthiasis | infestation of helminthes; agents for treatment are specifici to the type of worms they kill; meds generally given orally |
| Hansens’s disease/leprosy | caused by mycobacterium lepra in humans; mode of transmission is unknown; symptoms include peripheral trunk involvement leading to loss of fingers and toes and portions of hands and feet |
| Community-acquired infections | usually in healthy individuals; often benign and responsive to treatment |
| Nosocromial infections | infections acquired in a hospital at least 72 hours after hospitalization and most frequently are due to gram-negative infections; UTI most common |
| Medical asepsis | absence of pathogenic organisms |
| Surgical asepsis | absence of all microorganisms |
| Sterilization | process that destroys all forms of life on an instrument or utensil, in a liquid, or within a substance. |
| Antiseptics | chemicals typically applied only to living tissue; bacteriostatic or bactericidal |
| Disinfectants | chemicals only used on non-living objects; are toxic to living tissue; bacteristatic or bactericidal; mainly bactericidal |
| Natural immunity | body’s innate and inherited ability to resist antigens |
| Acquired immunity | both natural and artificial antigen resistance against antigens |
| Naturally passively acquired immunity | antibodies obtained by transfer via placenta or breast milk |
| Actively passively acquired immunity | protection obtained by actually contracting the disease |
| Artificially passively acquired immunity | temporary prophylactic immunity is acquired by direct injection of antibodies (immune serums) |
| Artificially actively acquired immunity | protection acquired by immunization of vaccines or toxoids |
| Vaccines | suspension of live attenuated or dead organisms; greatest prevention success story of modern medicine so far |
| Toxoids | toxins produced by organisms that stimulate antibody production |
| Immunosuppressants | decrease or prevent an immune response; act at several sites in the immune response; used to prevent rejection of organ transplants |
| Biologic response modifiers (BRMs) | activate the body’s immune defenses or modify a biologic response to an unwanted stimulus; i.e. interferons |
| Interferon MOA | enhance activity of macrophages and natural killer cells; used as antiviral, immunomodulating, and antineoplastic |
| Interleukins (lymphokines) | stimulate killer T cell production, natural killer cells and to a certain extent B cell production; used as immunomodulaters and immunorestorers. |
| Immunomodulators | increase T cells, synthesis of cytokines, increase B cells, increase natural killer cells |
| Immunorestorers | enhance killer T cell activity, amplifies effects of cytokines, enhances cytotoxic actions of natural killer cells. |
| Interleukin side/adverse effect | capillary leak syndrome resulting in massive fluid retention of 20 to 30 pounds; fever, chills, rash, fatigue |
| Colony stimulating factors | bind to receptors on surface of cells and in bone marrow; responsible for production of RBCs, WBCs, platelets, etc. Increase # of RBCs, granulocytes, macrophages |
Created by:
mbtrimm
Popular Pharmacology sets