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Chp 1-5 vocab
Pharm
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Compliance | implementation or fulfillment of a prescriber’s or caregiver’s prescribed course of treatment or therapeutic plan by a patient. Also called adherence. (p.8) |
| Goals | statements that are time specific and describe generally what is to be accomplished to address a specific nursing diagnosis (p.6) |
| Medication Error | any preventable adverse drug event involving inappropriate medication use by a patient or health care professional; it may or may not cause the patient harm (p.14 and 32) |
| Noncompliance | an informed decision on the part of the patient not to adhere to or follow a therapeutic plan or suggestion. Also called nonadherence. (p.9) |
| Nursing Process | It encompasses all steps taken by the nurse in caring for a patient assessment, nursing diagnoses, planning (with goals and outcome criteria), implementation of the plan (with patient teaching), and evaluation (p.6) |
| Outcome Criteria | descriptions of specific patient behaviors or responses that demonstrate meeting of or achievement of goals, related to each nursing diagnosis. These ,should be verifiable,measureable, and time specific. Outcome criteria are specific, goals are broad |
| Prescriber | any health professional licensed by the appropriate regulatory board to prescribe medications (p.8) |
| Additive Effects | drug interactions in which the effect of a combination of two or more drugs with similar actions is equivalent to the sum of the individual effects of the same drugs given alone. For example, 1+1=2 (compare with synergistic effects) (p.31) |
| Adverse Drug Event | any undesirable occurrence related to administering or failing to administer a prescribed medication (p.32) |
| Adverse Drug Reaction | any unexpected, unintended, undesired, or excessive response to a medication given at therapeutic dosages (as opposed to overdose) (p.32) |
| Adverse Effects | a general term for any undesirable effects that are a direct response to one or more drugs (p.30) |
| Agonist | a drug that binds to and stimulates the activity of one or more receptors in the body (p.29) |
| Allergic Reaction | an immunologic hypersensitivity reaction resulting from the unusual sensitivity of a patient to a particular medication; a type of adverse drug event (p.32) |
| Antagonist | a drug that binds to and inhibits the activity of one or more receptors in the body. Antagonists are also called inhibitors. (p.29) |
| Antagonistic Effects | drug interactions in which the effect of a combination of 2+ drugs is less than the sum of the individual effects of the same drugs given alone (1+1= less than 2); usually caused by an antagonizing (blocking or reducing) effect of one drug on another |
| Bioavailability | a measure of the extent of drug absorption for a given drug and route (0% to 100%) (p.20) |
| Biotransformation | one or more biochemical reactions involving a parent drug. Biotransformation occurs mainly in the liver and produces a metabolite that is either inactive or active. Also known as metabolism (p.25) |
| Blood Brain Barrier | the barrier system that restricts the passage of various chemicals and microscopic entities (e.g., bacteria, viruses) between the bloodstream and the central nervous system. It still allows for the passage of essential substance such as oxygen. (p.25) |
| Chemical Name | the name that describes the chemical composition and molecular structure of a drug (p.18) |
| Contradiction | any condition, especially one related to a disease state or other patient characteristic, including current or recent drug therapy, that renders a particular form of treatment improper or undesirable (p.29) |
| Cytochrome P450 | |
| Dependence | a state in which there is a compulsive or chronic need, as for a drug (p.30) |
| Dissolution | the process by which solid forms of drugs disintegrate in the gastrointestinal tract and become soluble before being absorbed into the circulation (p.19) |
| Drug | any chemical that affects the physiologic processes of a living organism (p.17) |
| Drug Actions | the cellular processes involved in the interaction between a drug and body cells (e.g., the action of a drug on a receptor protein); also called mechanism of action. (p.18) |
| Drug Effects | the physiologic reactions of the body to a drug. They can be therapeutic or toxic,describe how the function of the body is affected as a whole by the drug.onset, peak, and duration are used to describe drug effects (often referring to therapeutic effects) |
| Drug Induced Teratogenesis | the development of congenital anomalies or defects in the developing fetus caused by the toxic effects of drugs (p.33) |
| Drug Interaction | alteration in the pharmacologic activity of a given drug caused by the presence of one or more additional drugs; it is usually related to effects on the enzymes required for metabolism of the involved drugs (p.30) |
| Duration of Action | the length of time the concentration of a drug in the blood or tissues is sufficient to elicit a response (p.27) |
| Enzymes | protein molecules that catalyze one or more of a variety of biochemical reactions, including those related to the body’s own physiologic processes as well as those related to drug metabolism (p.28) |
| First Pass Effect | the initial metabolism in the liver of a drug absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract before the drug reaches systemic circulation through the bloodstream (p.20) |
| Generic Name | the name given to a drug by the United States Adopted Names Council. Also called the nonproprietary name. The generic name is much shorter and simpler than the chemical name and is not protected by trademark. (p.18) |
| Half Life | in pharmacokinetics, the time required for half of an administered dose of drug to be eliminated by the body, or the time it takes for the blood level of a drug to be reduced by 50% (also called elimination half |
| Idiosyncratic Reaction | an abnormal and unexpected response to a medication, other than an allergic reaction, that is peculiar to an individual patient (p.32) |
| Incompatibility | the characteristic that causes two parenteral drugs or solutions to undergo a reaction when mixed or given together that results in the chemical deterioration of at least one of the drugs (p.31) |
| Intraarticular | within a joint (e.g., Intraarticular injection) (p.21) |
| Intrathecal | within a sheath (e.g., the theca of the spinal cord, as in an intrathecal injection into the subarachnoid space) (p.21) |
| Medication Use Process | the prescribing, dispensing, and administering of medications, and the monitoring of their effects (p.32) |
| Metabolite(s) | a chemical form of a drug that is the product of one or more biochemical reactions involving the parent drug. |
| Onset of Action | the time required for a drug to elicit a therapeutic response after dosing (p.27) |
| Parent Drug | the chemical form of a drug that is administered before it is metabolized by the body’s biochemical reactions into its active or inactive metabolites. |
| Peak Effect | the time required for a drug to reach its maximum therapeutic response in the body (p.27) |
| Peak Level | the maximum concentration of a drug in the body after administration, usually measured in a blood sample for therapeutic drug monitoring (p.27) |
| Pharmaceutics | the science of preparing and dispensing drugs, including dosage form design (p.18) |
| Pharmacodynamics | the study of the biochemical and physiologic interactions of drugs at their sites of activity. It examines the physicochemical properties of drugs and their pharmacologic interactions with body receptors (p. 18) |
| Pharmacogenetics | the study of the influence of genetic factors on drug response, including the nature of genetic aberrations that result in the absence, overabundance, or insufficiency of drug |
| Pharmacognosy | the study of drugs that are obtained from natural plant and animal sources (p.19) |
| Pharmacokinetics | the rate of drug distribution among various body compartments after a drug has entered the body. It includes the phases of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs (p.18) |
| Pharmacology | the broadest term for the study or science of drugs (p.17) |
| Pharmacotherapeutics | the treatment of pathologic conditions through the use of drugs (p.18) |
| Prodrug | an inactive drug dosage form that is converted to an active metabolite by various biochemical reactions once it is inside the body (p.25) |
| Receptor | a molecular structure within or on the outer surface of a cell. Receptors bind specific substances (e.g., drug molecules) and one or more corresponding cellular effects (drug actions) occurs as a result of this drug |
| Steady State | the physiologic state in which the amount of drug removed via elimination is equal to the amount of drug absorbed with each dose (p.26) |
| Substrates | substances (e.g., drugs or natural biochemicals in the body) on which an enzyme acts (p.25) |
| Synergistic Effects | drug interactions in which the effect of a combination of two or more drugs with similar actions is greater than the sum of the individual effects of the same drugs given alone. For example, 1+1 is greater than 2 (compare with additive effects) (p.31) |
| Therapeutic Drug Monitoring | the process of measuring drug peak and trough levels to gauge the level of a patient’s drug exposure and allow adjustment of dosages with the goals of maximizing therapeutic effects and minimizing toxicity (p.27) |
| Therapeutic Effect | the desired or intended effect of a particular medication (p.28) |
| Therapeutic Index | the ratio between the toxic and therapeutic concentrations of a drug (p.30) |
| Tolerance | reduced response to a drug after prolonged use (p.30) |
| Toxic | the quality of being poisonous (i.e., injurious to health or dangerous to life) (p.19) |
| Toxicity | the condition of producing adverse bodily effects due to poisonous qualities (p.27) |
| Toxicology | the study of poisons, including toxic drug effects, and applicable treatments (p.19) |
| Trade Name | the commercial name given to a drug product by its manufacturer; also called the proprietary name (p.18) |
| Trough Level | the lowest concentration of a drug reached in the body after it falls from its peak level, usually measured in a blood sample for therapeutic drug monitoring (p.27) |
| Active Transport | the active (energy requiring) movement of a substance between different tissues via biomolecular pumping mechanisms contained within cell membranes (p.36) |
| Diffusion | the passive movement of a substance (e.g., a drug) between different tissues from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration. (compare with active transport) (p.36) |
| Elderly | pertaining to a person who is 65 years of age or older. (NOTE: some sources consider “elderly to be 55 years of age or older) (p.40) |
| Neonate | pertaining to a person younger than 1 month of age; newborn infant (p.36) |
| Nomogram | a graphic tool for estimating drug dosages using various body measurements (p.38) |
| Pediatric | pertaining to a person who is 12 years of age or younger (p.38) |
| Polypharmacy | the use of many different drugs concurrently in treating a patient, who often has several health problems (p.41) |
| Bias | any systematic error in a measurement process. One common effort to avoid bias in research studies involves the use of blinded study designs (p.54) |
| Black Box Warning | a type of warning that appears in a drug’s prescribing information, required by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration alerting prescribers of serious adverse events that have occurred with the given drug (p.55) |
| Blinded Investigational Drug Study | a research design in which the subjects are purposely unaware of whether the substance they are administered is the drug under study or a placebo. It's to eliminate bias in subjects in reporting their body’s responses to investigational drugs. |
| Controlled Substances | any drugs listed on one of the “schedules” of the Controlled Substance Act (also called scheduled drugs) (p.52) |
| Double Blind Investigational Drug Study | a research design in which both the investigator(s) and the subjects are purposely unaware of whether the substance administered to a given subject is the drug under study or a placebo. |
| Drug Polymorphism | variation in response to a drug because of a patient’s age, gender, size, and/or body composition (p.50) |
| Expedited Drug Approval | acceleration of the usual investigational new drug approval process by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and pharmaceutical companies, usually for drugs to treat life |
| Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) | an act that protects health insurance coverage for workers and their families when they change jobs. It also protects patient information. If confidentiality of a patient is breached, severe fines may be imposed. (p.52) |
| Informed Consent | written permission obtained from a patient consenting to the a specific procedure after the patient has been given information regarding the procedure deemed necessary for the patient to make a sound or “informed” decision |
| Investigational New Drug (IND) | a drug not approved for marketing by the FDA but available for use in experiments to determine its safety and efficacy; also, the actual name of the category of app that the drug manufacturer submits to the FDA to get permission for clinical studies |
| Investigational New Drug Application | the type of application that a drug manufacturer submits to the FDA following successful completion of required human research studies (p.54) |
| Legend Drugs | another name for prescription drugs (p.52) |
| Narcotic | a legal term established under the Harrison Antinarcotic Act of 1914. Currently used in clinical settings to refer to any medically administered controlled substance and in legal settings to refer to any illicit or “street” drug |
| Orphan Drugs | a special category of drugs that have been identified to help treat patients with rare diseases (p.52) |
| Over the Counter Drugs | drugs available to consumers without a prescription. Also called nonprescription drugs (p.52) |
| Placebo | an inactive (inert) substance (e.g., saline, distilled water, starch, sugar), that is not a drug but is formulated to resemble a drug for research purposes (p.54) |
| Acquired Disease | any disease triggered by external factors and not directly caused by a person’s genes (e.g., an infectious disease, noncongenital cardiovascular diseases) (p.62) |
| Alleles | the two or more alternative forms of a gene that can occupy a specific locus (location) on a chromosome (p.62) |
| Chromatin | a collective term for all of the chromosomal material within a given cell (p.63) |
| Chromosomes | structures in the nuclei of cells that contain linear thread of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), which transmits genetic information, and are associated with ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules and synthesis of protein molecules (p.62) |
| Gene | the biologic unit of heredity; a segment of a DNA molecule that contains all of the molecular information required for the synthesis of a biologic product as an RNA molecule or an amino acid chain (protein molecule) (p.62) |
| Gene Therapy | new therapeutic technologies that directly target human genes in the treatment or prevention of illness (p.64) |
| Genetic Disease | any disorder caused directly by a genetic mechanism (p.62) |
| Genetic Material | DNA or RNA molecules or portions thereof (p.62) |
| Genetic Polymorphisms (PMs) | allele variants that occur in the chromosomes of 1% or more of the general population (i.e., they occur too frequently to be caused by a random recurrent mutation) (p.65) |
| Genetic Predisposition | the presence of certain factors in a person’s genetic makeup, or genome, that increase the individual’s likelihood of eventually developing one or more diseases (p.62) |
| Genetics | the study of the structure, function, and inheritance of genes (p.62) |
| Genome | the complete set of genetic material of any organism. It may be contained in multiple chromosomes (groups of DNA or RNA molecules) in higher organisms; in a single chromosome, as in bacteria; or in a single DNA or RNA molecule, as in viruses (p.63) |
| Genomics | the study of the structure and function of the genome, including DNA sequencing, mapping, and expression, and the way genes and their products work in both health and disease (p.63) |
| Genotype | the particular alleles present at a given site (locus) on the chromosomes of an organism (e.g., human, animal, plant) that determine a specific genetic trait for that organism (compare phenotype) (p.62) |
| Heredity | the characteristics and qualities that are genetically passed from one generation to the next through reproduction (p.62) |
| Human Genome Project (HGP) | a scientific project of the U.S. Department of Energy and National Institutes of Health to describe in detail the entire genome of a human being (p.63) |
| Inherited Diseases | genetic disease that result from defective alleles passed from parents to offspring (p.62) |
| Nucleic Acids | molecules of DNA and RNA in the nucleus of every cell. DNA makes up the chromosomes and encodes the genes (p.62) |
| Personalized Medicine | the use of tools such as molecular and genetic characterizations of both disease processes and the patient for the customization of drug therapy (p.65) |
| Pharmacogenetics | a general term for the study of the genetic basis for variations in the body’s response to drugs, with a focus on variations related to a single gene (p.65) |
| Pharmacogenomics | a branch of pharmacogenetics that involves the survey of the entire genome to detect multigenic (multiple gene) determinants of drug response (p.65) |
| Phenotype | the expression in the body of a genetic trait that results from a person’s particular genotype for that trait (p.62) |
| Proteome | the entire set of proteins produced from the information encoded in an organism’s genome (p. 63) |
| Proteomics | the detailed study of the proteome, including all biologic actions of proteins (p.63) |
| Recombinant DNA (rDNA) | DNA molecules that have been artificially synthesized or modified in a laboratory setting (p.64) |
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