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pathogenicity
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virulence
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Ch. 15
Micro
| Vocab word | Definition |
|---|---|
| pathogenicity | the ability of a microorganism to cause disease by overcoming the defenses of a host |
| virulence | the degree of pathogenicity of a microorganism |
| portal of entry | the avenue by which a pathogen gains access to the body |
| parenteral route | a portal of entry for pathogens by deposition directly into tissues beneath the skin and mucous membranes |
| ID50 | the number of microorganisms required to produce a demonstrable infection in 50% of the test host population |
| LD50 | the lethal dose for 50% of the inoculated hosts within a given period |
| adherence | attachment of a microbe or phagocyte to another's plasma membrane or other surface |
| adhesin | a carbohydrate-specific binding protein that projects from prokaryotic cells; used for adherence, also called a ligand |
| receptor | an attachment for a pathogen on a host cell |
| biofilm | a microbial community that usually forms as a slimy layer on a surface |
| M protein | a heat- and acid-resistant protein of streptococcal cell walls and fibrils |
| fimbriae | an appendage on a bacterial cell used for attachment |
| Opa | a bacterial outer membrane protein; cells with this would form opaque colonies |
| mycolic acid | waxy lipid; long-chained, branced fatty acids characteristic of memberes of the genus Myobacterium |
| Coagulase | a bacterial enzyme that causes blood plasma to clot |
| kinase | (1) an enzyme that removes a p from ATP and attaches it to another molecule; (2) a bacterial enzyme that breaks down fibrin (blood clots) |
| hyaluronidase | an enzyme secreted by certain bacteria that hydrolyzes hyaluronic acid and helps spread microorganisms from their initial site of infection |
| collangenase | an enzyme that hydrolyzes collagen |
| IgA proteases | enzymes produced by pathogens that destroy IgA |
| anitgenic variation | changes in surface antigens that occur in a microbial population |
| invasin | a surface protein produced by Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli that rearranges nearby actin filaments in the cytoskeleton of a host cell |
| siderophore | bacterial iron-binding proteins |
| toxin | any pisonous substance produced by a microorganism |
| toxigenicity | the capacity of a microorganism to produce a toxin |
| toxemia | the presence of toxins in the blood |
| exotoxin | a protein toxin released from living, mostily gram-positive bacterial cells |
| antitoxin | a specific antibody produced by the body in response to a bacterial exotoxin or its toxoid |
| toxoid | an inactivated toxin |
| membrane-disrupting toxins | cause lysis of host cells by disrupting their plasma membranes |
| leukocidins | substances produced by some bacteria that can destroy neutrophils and macrophages |
| hemolysin | an enzyme that lyses red blood cells |
| streptolysin | a hemolytic enzyme, produced by streptococci |
| superantigen | an antigen that activates many different T cells, thereby eliciting a large immune response |
| endotoxin | part of the outer portion of the cell wall (lipid A) of most gram-negative bacteria; released on destruction of the cell |
| lipid A | a component of the gram-negative outer membrane; endotoxin |
| interleukin-1 (IL-1) | a chemical that causes T-cell proliferation |
| shock | any life-threatening loss of blood pressure |
| septic shock | a sudden deop in blood pressure induced by bacterial toxins |
| tumor necrosis factor | a polypeptide released by phagocytes in response to bacterial endotoxins; induces shoch; also called cachectin |
| limulus amoebocyte lysate assay | a test to detect the presence of bacterial endotoxins |
| lysogenic conversion | stages in viral development that result in the incorporation of viral DNA into host DNA |
| cytopathic effect | a visible effect on a host cell, caused by a virus, that may result in host cell damage or death |
| inclusion body | a granule or viral particle in the cytoplasm or nucleus of some infected cells; important in the identification of viruses that cause infection |
| syncytium | a multinucleated giant cell resulting from certain viral infections |
| interferon | a specific group of cytokines; alpha- and beta-IFN's are antiviral proteins produced by certain animal cells in response to a viral infection; gamma-IFN stimulates macrophage activity |
| contact inhibition | the cessation of animal cell movement and division as a result of contact with other cells |
| sclerotia | the compact mass of hardened mycelia of the fungus Claviceps purpurea that fills infected rye flowers; produces the toxin ergot |
| ergot | a toxin produced in sclerotia by the fungus Claviceps purpurea that causes ergotism |
| aflatoxin | a carcinogenic toxin produced by Aspergillus flavus |
| mycotoxin | a toxin produced by a fungus |
| phalloidin | a peptide toxin produced by Amanita phalloides, affects plasma membrane function |
| amanitin | a polypeptide toxin produced by Amanita spp., inhibits RNA polymerase |
| saxitoxin | a neurotoxin produced by some dinoflagellates |
| portals of exit | the routes by which a pathogen leaves the body |
| poliomyelitis:mucous membrane of gastrointestinal tract | Which disease is correctly matched with the common portal of entry? |
| parenteral route | If a patient has a deep tissue infection as the result of an animal bite on the arm, the portal of entry is described as the: |
| cutaneous anthrax is easier to acquire than inhalation antrhax | The ID50 for cutaneous anthrax due to Bacillus anthracis is 10-50 endospores, while the ID50 for inhalation anthrax is 10,000 to 20,000 endospores. This means that: |
| ribosomes | Which would be the most unlikely location to find adhesin molecules on a newly discovered bacterium: |
| fimbriae | What cell structure does Neisseria gonorrhoeae use to attach and enter host epithelial cells: |
| the absence of Actinomyces/i>, a bacterium that can be part of dental plaque | Which of the following would not affect the ability of Streptococcus mutans to attach to teeth: |
| antibodies produced against a capsule cannot affect whether disease will occur | Which of the following is not true for bacterial capsules? |
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis | Capsules play a role in the virulence of all of the following except: |
| Streptolysin O | Which of the following is not an A-B exotoxin? |
| coagulase:lyses fibrin clots | Which one of the following pairs is not correctly matched? |
| actin molecules | Which of the following eukaryotic molecules/structures can be responsible for movement of bacteria within host cells? |
| they are only produced by gram-negative bacteria | All of the following are true of A-B exotoxins except: |
| Botulinum toxin | Which of the following bacterial toxins binds to nerve cells, preventing chemical communication between nerve and muscle cells? |
| they are released upon cell lysis | Which is true of endotoxins? |
| they rarely have enzymatic activity | Which is not true of exotoxins? |
| they are eliminated from the body as a result of antitoxin production | Which is not true of endotoxins? |
| leukocidins lysing WBCs | Which of the following is not a cytopathic effect of viruses? |
| endotoxin is released from the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria | Which of the following events leads to all of the others in a pyrogenic (fever) response? |
| Clostridium tetani | The pathogenicity of which of the following is not the result of lysogeny? |
| dinoflagellates | Saxitoxin is produced by: |
| none of the above | Which of the following is not a cytopathic effect of viruses? |
| a milder disease will result | Which of the following effects is most likely to occur if a pathogen enters the body by a portal of entry other than the preferred ones? |
| hemolysin | Which of the following virulence factors does not contribute to the spread of a disease in the body? |
| the presence of gram-negative cell walls | The presence of endotoxins in a sterile fluid indicates: |
| boiling food prior to consumption | Botulism can be prevented by taking which of the following precautions? |
| rabies virues | Which of the following organisms does not produce a neurotoxin? |
| Clostridium botulinum | Which of the following organisms does not produce an enterotoxin? |
| cutaneous:50 endospores | Given the following LD50 values for Bacillus anthracis, through which portal of entry is it easiest to get anthrax? |
| toxemia | Which of the following is not an enzyme associated with invasiveness? |
| siderophore | Which one of the following bacterial proteins can take iron from human lactoferrin? |
| Shigella - 10 cells | Based on the these LD50 values, which microbe is the most virulent? Assume each bacterium enters through the appropriate portal of entry. |
| M protein | Which of the following is a cell wall component that contributes to invasiveness? |
| gram-negative septic shock | Which of the following diseases cannot be prevented by toxoids? |
| fibrinolysin | Which one of the following should not be produced at the same time as coagulase? |
| decreases the virulence of V. cholerae | The LD50 of Vibrio cholerae is 10 to the 8th cells when taken orally. The LD50 value is 10 if the bacteria are ingested with bicarbonate. This indicates that stomach acid: |
| hair follicle | Which of the following is not an example of the parenteral route? |
| metabolic waste products | The symptoms of protozoan diseases are usually due to: |
| parenteral | Hepatitis B virus transmitted by a finger-stick device is transmitted by which portal of entry? |
| M protein | Which of the following does not protect a bacterium from phagocytosis? |
| the presence of the parasite | Symptoms of helminthic diseases are usually due to: |
Created by:
kgillespie