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Warren G. Harding
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normalcy
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apush chapter 27
from da brickk
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Warren G. Harding | Republican president elected in 1920 during the conservative postwar mood who promised a "return to normalcy," and whose presidency was known for a pro-business tone and many scandals, the most famous of which was the Teapot Dome scandal; while initially |
| normalcy | Promise of the Harding administration that, in contrast to the progressive social activism of the Wilson administration, appealed to the conservative postwar mood with a return to American isolationism from global affairs. |
| Franklin D. Roosevelt | Democratic nominee for vice-president in 1920 and cousin of Theodore Roosevelt who would later be elected president during the Depression in 1932, for the first of four terms. |
| Andrew Mellon | Secretary of the Treasury under Presidents Harding, Coolidge, and Hoover, who instituted a Republican policy of reduced government spending, lower taxes to the wealthy, and higher tariffs. |
| bloviate | Verb created by Warren Harding meaning to speak with gaseous eloquence. |
| Ohio Gang | Group of Ohio politicians who were colleagues of Warren G. Harding and gained many lesser offices in his administration; many ultimately used their White House connections to line their own pockets and tainted Harding's presidency with scandal. |
| Budget and Accounting Act of 1921 | Created the Bureau of the Budget and the General Accounting Office. |
| Revenue Act of 1926 | Act extended further benefits to high-income groups by lowering estate taxes and repealing the gift tax. |
| Teapot Dome | Harding administration scandal in which Secretary of the Interior Albert B. Fall profited from secret leasing to private oil companies of government oil reserves at Teapot Dome, Wyoming, and Elk Hills, California. |
| Albert B. Fall | Secretary of the Interior under President Harding who profited from secret leasing to private oil companies of government oil reserves at Teapot Dome, Wyoming, and Elk Hills, California that later came to be known as the Teapot Dome scandal. |
| Calvin Coolidge | Conservative Republican who became president in 1923 when Warren G. Harding died of a heart attack and was elected in 1924; Coolidge brought to the White House a clear conviction that the presidency should revert to its Gilded-Age stance of passive defere |
| Robert M. La Follette | Wisconsin reformer who ran as a third-party candidate against Calvin Coolidge in the election of 1924, and with the support of a farmer-laborer coalition, the Socialist party, and the American Federation of Labor, received the largest popular vote ever po |
| Air Commerce Act | Act of 1926 that started a program of federal aid to air transport and navigation, including aid in establishing airports. |
| Charles A. Lindbergh | Aviator who in 1927 made the first transatlantic solo flight from New York to Paris in thirty-three hours and thirty minutes, a significant triumph for the infant aviation industry. |
| Amelia Earhart | Pioneering American aviator who in 1931 became the first woman to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean, but who disappeared on an attempt at a round-the-world flight in 1937. |
| Herbert Hoover | Secretary of commerce through the Harding-Coolidge years who was elected president in 1928, crowning a career of steady ascent, first in mining, then in public service; Hoover's image combined the benevolence fitting a director of wartime relief and the e |
| associationalism | Term used by Herbert Hoover, developed in his book American Individualism (1922), that when applied to the relations of government and business, prescribed a kind of middle way between the regulatory and trust-busting traditions, a way of voluntary cooper |
| parity | Effort to raise domestic farm prices in the 1920s to a point where farmers would have the same purchasing power relative to other prices they had had between 1909 and 1914, a time viewed in retrospect as a golden age of American agriculture. |
| farm bloc | A coalition of western Republicans and southern Democrats that put through a program of legislation from 1921 to 1923 to combat the falling crop prices of the early 1920s. |
| McNary-Haugenism | Efforts by Senator Charles L. McNary of Oregon and Representative Gilbert N. Haugen of Iowa to dump American farm surpluses on the world market in order to raise prices in the home market; several McNary-Haugen Bills were offered, but Coolidge opposed the |
| American Plan | Name given to the employment policy of using open shops by business groups in Chicago in 1921, which in theory implied only the employer's right to hire anyone but in practice meant discrimination against unionists. |
| yellow-dog contract | Contracts that forced workers to agree to stay out of union, a type of intimidation effort used by employers to suppress unions |
| industrial democracy | Benefit programs guided by company unions that employers used to sway the unions. |
| welfare capitalism | Benefit schemes such as profit-sharing, bonuses, pensions, health programs, recreational activities, and the like used by employers to sway unions. |
| Railway Labor Act | An exception to the anti-union policies of the twenties, the Railway Labor Act in 1926 abolished the Railway Labor Board and substituted a new Board of Mediation, as well as provided for the formation of railway unions "without interference, influence, or |
| Gastonia Strike | 1929 walkout at the huge Loray textile mill in Gastonia, North Carolina, that escalated into a prolonged conflict that involved two deaths. |
| stretch-out | System by which factory owners closed mills, slashed wages, raised production quotas, and operated mills around the clock to combat falling profits. |
| United Textile Workers | Union (UTW) that was part of the American Federation of Labor. |
| Alfred E. Smith | Democratic presidential nominee in 1928 who was Governor of New York, son of Irish immigrants, Catholic, and anti-Prohibition, attributes which were handicaps in the hinterlands but which swung big cities back into the Democratic column; Smith ultimately |
| Hawley-Smoot Tariff | Act of 1930 that raised tariffs to an unprecedented level and worsened the depression by raising prices and discouraging foreign trade. |
| margin | To buy stock on meant to make a small down payment (the "margin") and borrow the rest from a broker who held the stock as security against a down market; if the stock declined and the buyer failed to meet a margin call for more money, the broker could sel |
| Hoover blankets | Sarcastic term for newspapers that homeless people would wrap themselves in to keep warm during the Depression. |
| Hoovervilles | Squalid settlements of shacks of tarpaper and galvanized iron, old packing boxes, and abandoned cars that the dispossessed would erect near city dumps and along railroad tracks. |
| Reconstruction Finance Corporation | Federal program established in 1932 under President Herbert Hoover to loan money to banks and other institutions to help them avert bankruptcy. |
| Glass-Steagall Act | Banking Act of 1933 that established the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation and included banking reforms, some designed to control speculation. A banking act of the Hoover administration, passed in 1932 and also known as the Glass-Steagall Act, was des |
| Federal Home Loan Bank Act | Act of 1932 that created a series of discount banks for home mortgages, as well as provided savings and loan and other mortgage agencies a service much like that the Federal Reserve System provided to commercial banks. |
| Emergency Relief and Construction Act | Signed by President Hoover on July 21, 1932, giving the RFC Dollar 300 million for relief loans to the states, authorizing loans of up to Dollar 1.5 billion for state and local public works, and appropriating Dollar 322 million for federal public works, b |
| Bonus Expeditionary Force | Thousands of World War I veterans, who insisted on immediate payment of their bonus certificates, marched on Washington in 1932; violence ensued when President Herbert Hoover ordered their tent villages cleared. |
| Farmers' Holiday Association | Militant group formed by Iowan farmers which called a farmers' strike and forcibly blocked deliveries of produce in an effort to get government relief for farmers during the 1930s. |
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