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A&P 2 - E4 - P2
A&P 2 - Exam 4 - Part 2 - Urinary Physiology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The chief functions of the kidney are to process _______ and form _______. | blood, urine |
| The basic functional unit of the kidney is a _______. | nephron |
| Nephrons within kidneys form urine through what 3 processes? | filtration, reabsorption, secretion |
| _______ is the movement of water and solutes from the plasma in the glomerulus into the capsular space of the Bowman's capsule. | filtration |
| Filtration is the movement of water and solutes from the plasma in the glomerulus into the capsular space of the ________. | Bowman's capsule |
| ________ is the movement of molecules out of the tubule and into the peritubular blood. | reabsorption |
| Reabsorption is the movement of molecules out of the tubule and into the _________ blood. | peritubular |
| _______ is the movement of molecules out of the peritubular blood and into the tubule for excretion. | secretion |
| _______ is the first step in blood processing that occurs in the renal corpuscles. | filtration |
| Filtration is the first step in blood processing that occurs in the _________. | renal corpuscles |
| From blood in the glomerular capillaries, water and solutes filter into Bowman's capsule; this takes place through the __________ membrane. | glomerular-capsular |
| Filtration occurs due to existence of a _________. | pressure gradient |
| Glomerular capillary filtration occurs rapidly due to the increased number of _________. | fenestrations |
| Glomerular hydrostatic pressure and filtration are _____ related to systemic blood pressure. | directly |
| _________ pressure and filtration are directly related to systemic blood pressure. | glomerular hydrostatic |
| ________ is the second step in urine formation. | reabsorption |
| ________ occurs due to passive and active transport mechanisms from all parts of the renal tubules. | reabsorption |
| Reabsorption occurs due to _______ and ________ transport mechanisms from all parts of the renal tubules. | passive, active |
| A major portion of reabsorption occurs in ________ tubules. | proximal |
| During reabsorption in the proximal tubule, most water and solutes are recovered by the _______, leaving only a small volume of tubule fluid to move on to the _______. | blood, loop of Henle |
| During reabsorption in the proximal tubule, sodium is actively transported out of _______ fluid and into _______. | tubule, blood |
| During reabsorption in the proximal tubule, sodium is ______ transported out of tubule fluid and into blood. | actively |
| During reabsorption in the proximal tubule, glucose and amino acids are passively transported out of tubule fluid by means of the ________ mechanism. | sodium cotransport |
| During reabsorption in the proximal tubule, _______ and _______ are passively transported out of tubule fluid by means of the sodium cotransport mechanism. | glucose, amino acids |
| During reabsorption in the proximal tubule, chloride, phosphate, and bicarbonate ions passively move into blood due to an imbalance of ________. | electrical charge |
| During reabsorption in the proximal tubule, _______, ______, and _______ ions passively move into blood due to an imbalance of electrical charge. | chloride, phosphate, bicarbonate |
| During reabsorption in the proximal tubule, the movement of sodium and chloride into blood causes an _______ imbalance, moving _______ passively into blood. | osmotic, water |
| During reabsorption in the proximal tubule, Approximately one half of urea ________ moves out of tubule with the remaining urea moving on to the loop of Henle. | passively |
| During reabsorption in the proximal tubule, approximately ________ of urea passively moves out of tubule with the remaining urea moving on to the loop of Henle. | one half |
| The distal tubule reabsorbs _______ by active transport but in smaller amounts than in the proximal tubule. | sodium |
| During reabsorption in the distal tubule and collecting ducts, _____ is secreted by the posterior ______. | ADH, pituitary |
| ADH is secreted by the ________ pituitary and targets the cells of distal tubules and collecting ducts to make them more permeable to ______. | posterior, water |
| With the reabsorption of water in the collecting duct, the urea concentration of the tubule fluid ________. | increases |
| Increased urea concentration of the tubule fluid causes urea to diffuse out of the collecting duct into the ________ interstitial fluid. | medullary |
| Urea participates in a _________ mechanism. | countercurrent multiplier |
| The countercurrent multiplier mechanism of urea works with countercurrent mechanisms of the ________ and ________. | loop of Henle, vasa recta |
| The countercurrent multiplier mechanism of urea and countercurrent mechanisms of the loop of Henle and vasa recta maintain a ______ osmotic pressure needed to form concentrated urine and avoid ______. | high, dehydration |
| The countercurrent multiplier mechanism of urea and countercurrent mechanisms of the loop of Henle and vasa recta maintain a high ______ needed to form _______ and avoid dehydration. | osmotic pressure, concentrated urine |
| Tubular secretion is the movement of substances out of the _______ and into ________ fluid. | blood, tubular |
| _______ is the movement of substances out of the blood and into tubular fluid. | tubular secretion |
| During tubular secretion, ________ limb of the loop of Henle secretes _______ via diffusion. | descending, urea |
| During ________ , descending limb of the loop of Henle secretes urea via _________. | tubular secretion, diffusion |
| During tubular secretion, distal and collecting tubules secrete _______, _______, and _______ ions. | potassium, hydrogen, ammonium |
| During tubular secretion, what is a hormone that targets the cells of the distal and collecting tubule? | aldosterone |
| During tubular secretion, aldosterone causes increased activity of ________. | sodium potassium pumps |
| During tubular secretion, ________ causes increased activity of sodium potassium pumps. | aldosterone |
| During tubular secretion, the secretion of _______ ions increases with increased blood _______ ion concentration. | hydrogen, hydrogen |
| _____ influences water reabsorption. | ADH |
| As water is reabsorbed, the total volume of urine is _______ by the amount of water removed by the tubules. | reduced |
| ADH _______ water loss. | reduces |
| Aldosterone is secreted by the __________. | adrenal cortex |
| Aldosterone increases _______ tubule absorption of sodium, raising the sodium concentration of blood and thus promoting _______ of water. | distal, reabsoption |
| _______ hormone is secreted by specialized _______ muscle fibers. | atrial natriuretic (ANH), atrial |
| What does ANH stand for? | atrial natriuretic hormone |
| Atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH) promotes the loss of _______ via urine. | sodium |
| Atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH)opposes ________, causing the kidneys to reabsorb _______ water and thereby produce more _______. | aldosterone, less, urine |
| ________ is related to the total amount of solutes other than sodium excreted in the urine. | urine volume |
| Urine volume is related to the total amount of solutes other than ______ excreted in the urine. | sodium |
| In relation to urine volume, the more _______, the more urine. | solutes |
| Urine composition is approximately what percent water? | 95% |
| ________ wastes in urine are a result of prtein metabolism. | nitrogenous |
| What are 4 nitrogenous wastes in urine? | ammonia, urea, uric acid, creatinine |
| _________ found in the urine consist of ions of sodium, potassium, ammonium, chloride, bicarbonate, phosphate, and sulfate. | electrolytes |
| The amounts and kinds of minerals found in urine vary with _______ and other factors. | diet |
| During disease, what bacterial poisons leave the body in the urine? | toxins |
| Pigments can be found in urine, especially ________. | urochromes |
| High hormone levels may cause hormones to spill into the _______. | filtrate |
| Urine may contain abnormal constituents such as _______, _______, ________, and ________. | blood, glucose, albumin, calculi |
| The homeostasis of ______ and ______ in body fluids relies on proper functioning of the kidneys. | water, electrolytes |
| _______ process blood to adjust its content to maintain a relatively constant internal environment. | nephrons |
| The urinary and cardiovascular systems are __________. | interdependent |
| The ________ and ________ systems must operate properly to ensure efficient kidney function. | endocrine, nervous |
| What are renal and urinary obstructive disorders known as? | hydronephrosis |
| What are 3 disorders that fall under the category of obstructive disorders? | renal calculi, neurogenic bladder, tumors and other obstructions |
| Kidney stones are made of calcium and are known as what? | renal calculi |
| What is the loss of normal nervous system control of the bladder? | neurogenic bladder |
| What are some examples of renal and urinary tumors and other obstructions? | kidney and bladder cancer, scarring kinks in ureter |
| What are 3 disorders that fall under the category of urinary tract infections? | urethritis, cystitis, nephritis |
| What is a urinary tract infection which is often an STD infection such as chlamydia? | urethritis |
| What is a urinary tract infection which is usually a bladder infection? | cystitis |
| What is a urinary tract infection which is usually a kidney infection? | nephritis |
| What are 3 glomerular disorders? | nephrotic syndrome, acute glomerulonephritis, chronic glomerulonephritis |
| What are 3 conditions associated with nephrotic syndrome? | proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, edema |
| What is a condition in which albumin (usually) filters through a damaged glomerular-capsular membrane? | proteinuria |
| What is a condition that is a drop in blood albumin? | hypoalbuminemia |
| What is a condition that is caused by a lack of blood protein in which fluid leaves the blood and enters tissue? | edema |
| What is an autoimmune kidney disease caused from strep infection? | acute glomerulonephritis |
| What glomerular disorder is marked by progressive kidney damage? | chronic glomerulonephritis |
| What type of kidney failure is caused by hemorrhage, burn or obstruction? | acute renal failure |
| What type of kidney failure causes an increase in nitrogenous waste in blood? | acute renal failure |
| What type of kidney failure causes a high blood urea nitrogen (BUN) test result? | acute renal failure |
| What type of kidney failure is a gradual loss of nephrons usually due to infection, tumor, or autoimmunity? | chronic renal failure |
| What is the stage of chronic renal failure in which healthy nephrons compensate by enlarging and taking over functions of lost nephrons? | stage 1 |
| Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) can be kept to a normal level even when ___% of nephrons are lost. | 75% |
| What is the stage of chronic renal failure in which the kidenys can no longer compensate for lost nephrons causing BUN to spike? | stage 2 |
| What is the stage of chronic renal failure which consists of total renal failure? | stage 3 |
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