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AnimalBehavior
ASCI112Midterm3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| why consider animal behavior? | management (breeding, feeding, husbandry) reduce stressors, improve productivity, public relations |
| Signal and reaction: | stimulus and response, input output |
| 3 origins of animal behaviour | innate, experience/learned, intelligence |
| innate behavior | inborn;instinct;reflexes, genetically linked traits, behavior persists in absence of learning, may be modified with environmental experiences |
| genetic influence | nervous system development, protein synthesis, animals only show those behaviors for which they possess the appropriate neural structure and mechanisms |
| experience/learned behaviors | habituation, conditioning, insight learning, imprinting |
| habituation | most primitive and universal form of learning, gradual fading of unlearned response to stimulus that proves to be safe or irrelevant, stimulus is generally something new or different |
| conditioning: classical | changes in stimuli that elicit a behavior based on natural stimulus response systems, learns to respond to a previously neurtral stimulus in the same manner as a normal stimulus |
| conditioning: operant | response (operants) -> consequences (reinforcing stimulus) think electric fences |
| insight learning | higher animals, ability to respond correctly when first exposed to a stimulus, reasoning, problem solving |
| imrprinting | form of social learning, learning properties of a stimulus object toward whih the animal directs its normal behavior (feeding, social), narrow learning window during early development |
| intelligence | learned ability of an animal to adjust successfully to environmental situations, learn from experience to solve problems, wide inter and intraspecies variations |
| sexual behavior | cows, ewes, and mares have pheromones (stimuli) in their vaginal secretions and urine to attract males |
| flehmen | a response made by males when they are using a nasal organ to detect the pheromones of a female |
| standing heat | cows in estrus allow themselves to be mounted by other cows, ewes allow vasectomized rams to mount them during estrus |
| caregiving and solicitation | sows are the only livestock species that do not lick their young |
| mothers become ____________ when their young are vocalizing | aggressive |
| most mothers recognize their young by ___________ | olfaction |
| fight/flight | when an animal comes in contact with another animal or human |
| males are agressive | offense, defense, escape, passivity |
| females show aggression in: | pecking order |
| what determines social rank? | age, size, strength, genetic background, and previous experience |
| ingestive behavior | cattle graze for 4-9 hours, and ruminate 4-9 hours |
| sheep and goats graze for: | 9-11 hours a day |
| sheep and goats ruminate for: | 7-10 hours per day |
| cattle range up to ___ miles | 3 |
| sheep range up to ___ miles | 8 |
| horses graze up to ___ hours a day | 18 |
| allelomimetic behavior | pack behavior, animals tend to do things at the same time, animals fed together consume more then those fed separate |
| eliminative behavior | hogs and occasionally horses are discriminate defecators and all farm animals usually defecate either standing or walking |
| farm animals have an average ___ % shrink in transit to market because of defecation from stress | 3 |
| shelter seeking behavior | pigs pile to keep warm, cattle and horses seek shelter from trees in a storm, shade is sought after in hot weather |
| investigative behavior | farm animals are usually very curious if not frightened |
| sheep are less ____________ and more __________ by nature | inquistive, timid |
| horses and cattle behavior during handling and restraint | shadows and movements disturb them, chutes with solid sides advantageous, animals of all species are more calm if they become acclimated to people moving around them |
| flight zones ________ among species | vary |
| animals are _________ when humans are outside of their flight zone | inquisitive |
| _______ ___________ and _________ such as blood can increase an animals flight zone | loud noises and smells |
| repetitive exposure to stimuli can ___________ an animals flight zone | decrease |
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