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9A & 9B Revsion
9A Genetics, 9B Health and Fitness
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are inherited characteristics? | Traits that are passed down from parents to their offspring. |
| How is genetic material organised in cells? | Genetic material is found in the nucleus. It is made up of structures called chromosomes that are made up of DNA. A section of the DNA contained on a chromosome that controls one specific trait is called a gene. |
| What are gametes? | Sex cells, they contain half of the chromosomes of a normal cell. examples: sperm and ovum |
| What is fertilisation? | When the nuclei of the sex cells fuse together, forming an embryo that contains a full set of chromosomes. |
| What is a mutation? | A change in genes. |
| What is a species? | A species is a group of similar organisms that can interbreed. |
| What is the difference between a breed and a variety? | A breed is a group of animals of the same species showing a clear difference from other groups. A variety is a group of plants from the same species that show a clear difference from other plants of the species. |
| What are the two main types of variation? | Environmental variation is variation caused by outside environment, inherited variation is the type of variation that is passed from parents to offspring. |
| How do you get plants or animals with the characteristics you want? | Selective breeding (breed the best individuals from each generation), cloning (use genetic information to make an exact copy), genetic modification (change the genes of an organism to have the traits you want) |
| What is cross-breeding? | A form of selective breeding where you breed individuals from two different breeds together to get the traits you want from both breeds. |
| How does sexual reproduction in plants work? | The anther (male organ) produces pollen, pollen lands on the stigma (female organ) of another plant (pollination), a pollen tube grows down to the ovary (fertilisation), the fertilised ovum turns into a seed. |
| What is the main way cells get energy? | Aerobic respiration |
| What is the chemical equation for aerobic respiration? | oxygen + glucose --> carbon dioxide + water This process generates energy for the cell. |
| What are the three organ systems that are required to carry out aerobic respiration? | Circulatory system (delivers oxygen and glucose to the cells), breathing (respiratory) system (obtains oxygen from the air), digestive system (obtains glucose from food) |
| Why does your heart rate and breathing rate increase during exercise? | Heart rate increases because you need to deliver more oxygen and glucose to the cells to generate more energy, breathing rate increases because you need to get more oxygen into the body for respiration |
| What muscles are involved in breathing? How? | Diaphragm contracts and pulls down to make more room to inhale, it relaxes returning up and the lungs get smaller when you exhale. Muscles between the ribs pull the ribs up and out when you inhale, the relax back down when you exhale. |
| What is gas exchange? Where does it happen? | Gas exchange happens in the alveoli in the lungs, it is when carbon dioxide is exiting the bloodstream to be breathed out and is exchanged for oxygen which is being breathed in and entering the bloodstream. |
| List three chemicals in cigarettes and their dangers. | Nicotine - narrows arteries, addictive substance Carbon monoxide - stops red blood cells carrying oxygen Tar - blocks passages and causes lung cancer |
| What is a balanced diet? | A diet that consists of a variety of foods containing all the essential nutrients in the correct amounts. |
| What are the nutrients we need? What are they for? | Carbohydrate (energy), protein (growth and repair), fat (stores energy, insulation), vitamins and minerals (small amounts for general health) |
| Why is fibre important to have in our diet? | Prevents constipation, keeps intestines clean and prevents blockages |
| What is a drug? | A substance that alters how our body functions. |
| Caffeine, cocaine, and nicotine are examples of what type of drug? | Stimulant |
| Alcohol is what kind of drug? | Depressant |
| What are the main functions of the skeleton? | 1) support/structure 2) protection 3) movement |
| How do muscles move bones? | Muscles work in antagonistic pairs. One muscle contracts (becomes shorter and fatter) pulling the bone, the other muscle in the pair (on the other side) relaxes becoming longer and thinner allowing the limb to move in the other direction. |
Created by:
missluu
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