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A&P CH 7 part 1
Anatomy of Muscle
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| voluntary, striated | skeletal muscle |
| involuntary, striated | cardiac muscle |
| involuntary, unstriated | smooth muscle |
| muscles consist of many bundles surrounded by connective tissue or | fascia |
| typical muscle appears to have this | one "belly" or skeletal muscle mass with a tendon at each end |
| fibrous connective tissue bands; attach all muscle to bone | tendons |
| bone to bone | ligament |
| instead of tendons, attach by broad sheets of fibrous connective tissue ex. linea alba | aponeuroses |
| most prominent aponeuroses | linea alba |
| proximal attachment; the more stable of a muscles attachment sites | origin |
| distal attachment; undergoes most of the movement when a muscle contracts | insertion |
| when stimulated by a nerve impulse a muscle contracts or shortens | action |
| drugs that bind to receptors and produce stimulatory responses | agonist |
| drugs that prevent agonists from binding to receptors | antagonist |
| wave of signal through the nervous system | action potential |
| stimulates signal to move | impulse |
| a muscle or muscle group that directly produces a desired movement | agonist/ prime mover |
| a muscle or muscle group that directly opposes the action of a prime mover | antagonist |
| a muscle that contracts at the same time as a prime mover and assists it in carrying out its action | synergist |
| muscles that stabilize joints to allow other movements to take place | fixator |
| muscles are named according to these criteria | action, shape, location, direction of fibers, # of heads, attachment sites |
| each myofibril is made up of many ____ lined end to end; these are basic contracting units of skeletal muscle | sarcomeres |
| very large, multinucleate, numerous myofibrils, multiple mitochondria | skeletal muscle cells |
| thick myosin filaments | A bands |
| thin actin filaments | I bands |
| dark line in the center of the I band | Z line |
| sites where the ends of motor nerve fibers connect to muscle fibers | neuromuscular junction (NMJ |
| tiny sacs within the end of a nerve fiber in an NMJ | synaptic vesicles |
| in skeletal muscle synaptic vesicles are filled with this | acetylcholine (ACh) |
| chemical that travels from nerve fiber to the muscle fiver, bridging the synaptic space | neurotransmitter |
| memorize figure on page 6 of powerpoint or page 201 in book for quiz VII | |
| How does the nerve fiber tell the muscle to contract? | 1. Nerve impulse comes down nerve fiber 2. ACh is released into the synaptic space 3. ACh diffuses across synaptic space 4. ACh binds to recepters leads to contraction |
| one nerve fiber and all the muscle fibers it innervates | motor unit |
| key and lock must be | homologous |
| what is essential from muscle contraction and relaxation | calcium |
| Binding of ACh to muscle cells membrane receptors starts an impulse. 1. impulse reaches the SR 2. Calcium ions released into the cytoplasm from the SR 3. contraction process turned on powered by ATP 4. calcium pumped back into SR (also uses ATP) | initiation of muscular contraction and relaxation |
| individual muscle fiber either contracts completely or not at all when stimulated by an impulse | "all or nothing" principle |
| how does the body produce movements that vary in range and strength? | controls # of muscle fibers it stimulates at one time |
| controls how many fibers are stimulated to contract | nervous system |
| energy source for muscle contraction | ATP |
| when one of the phosphate groups are broken off of ATP to form ADP, energy is released to power | contraction |
| molecule that causes the addition of a P group onto ADP to make ATP | creatine phosphate |
| source of energy to make ATP and creatine phosphate | come from catabolism of nutrients --> glucose and o2 |
| glucose is stored in muscle fibers in the form of | glycogen |
| o2 is stored in fibers attached to a protein called | myoglobin |
| as long as o2 supply is adequate to keep up with energy needs of a fiber | aerobic metabolism |
| if need for o2 is greater than available supply muscle fibers shift over to | anaerobic metabolism |
| time between nerve stimulus and beginning of contraction 10ms | latent phase |
| lasts about 40 ms | contracting phase |
| lasts about 50 ms | relaxation phase |
| a large amount of the energy produced in muscles is in the form of | heat |
| small, spindle-shaped; single nucleus cells | smooth muscle cells |
| large sheets of cells in the walls of some hollow organs; contracts in large; rhythmic waves innervated by parasympathetic and sympathetic systems | visceral smooth muscle |
| small, discrete groups of cells; contraction requires autonomic nervous system impulse | multiunit smooth muscle |
| small cells with a single nucleus; intercalated disks; allow transmission of impulses from cell to cell | cardiac muscle |
| generates the impulse that starts with each heartbeat; pacemaker | sinoatrial node |
| impulse follows a controlled path through this | conduction system |
| stimulate the heart | sympathetic fibers |
| inhibit cardiac function | parasympathetic fibers |
Created by:
maiken
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