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Test_001
A&P
| QUESTION | RESPONSE |
|---|---|
| In RNA, URACIL replaces | THIAMINE |
| Exocytosis: Active or Passive | Active |
| Facilitated diffusion: Active or Passive | Passive |
| Endocytosis: Active or Passive | Active |
| Osmosis: Active or Passive | Passive |
| Skeletal System | Provides support and protection for other tissues. Stores calcium and other minerals. Forms blood cells. |
| Integumentary System | Protects against environmental hazards. Helps regulate body temperature. Provides sensory information. |
| Muscular System | Provides movement. Provides protection and support for other tissues. Generates heat that maintains body temperature. |
| Nervous System | Directs immediate responses to stimuli. Coordinates or moderates activities of other organ systems. Provides and interprets sensory information about external conditions. |
| Endocrine System | Directs long-term changes in the activities of other organ systems. Adjusts metabolic activity and energy use by the body. Controls many structural and functional changes during development. |
| Cardiovascular System | Distributes blood cells, water and dissolved materials, including nutrients, waste products, oxygen, and carbon dioxide. Distributes heat and assists in the control of body temperature. |
| Lymphoid System | Defends against infection and disease. Returns tissue fluids to the bloodstream. |
| Respiratory System | Delivers air to alveoli (sites in lungs where gas exchange occurs). Provides oxygen to the bloodstream and removes carbon dioxide. Produces sounds for communication. |
| Digestive System | Processes and digests food. Absorbs and conserves water. Absorbs nutrients(ions, water, and the breakdown products of dietary sugars, proteins and fats. Stores energy reserves. |
| Urinary System | Excretes waste products from the blood. Controls water balance by regulating the volume of urine produced. Stores urine prior to voluntary elimination. Regulates blood ion concentrations and pH. |
| Reproductive System | Produce sex cells and fluids and hormones. Sexual intercourse. [FEMALE: supports developing embryo from conception to delivery. Provides milk to nourish newborn infant.] |
| A+B+energy -> AB | Endergonic reaction. |
| In hydrolysis reactions... | water binds to the the reactants and causes decomposition. |
| Membranous organelles: | Covered with plasma membrana; isolated from cytosol. EX: Endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes and mitochondria. |
| Nonmembranous organelles: | Direct contact with cytosol. EX: cytoskeleton, microvilli, centrioles, cilia, ribosomes, proteasomes. |
| Cytoskeleton | structural proteins for shape and strength. |
| Microfilamets | thin filaments composed of the protein actin. Provide additional mechanical strength. Pair with thick filaments of myosin for muscle movement. |
| Intermediate Filaments | mid-sized between microfilaments and thick filaments. Strengthens cell and maintains cell shape. Stabilizes organelles and cell position. |
| Microtubules | large, hollow tubes of tubuilin protein. Strengthens cell and anchor organelles. Move vesicles within cell(kinesin and dynein). Form spindle apparatus. |
| Microvilli | increase surface area for absorption |
| Centrioles | form spindle apparatus during cell division. are bundles of microtubules. Direct movement of DNA during cell division. |
| Cilia | small hair-like extensions that beath rhythmically back and forth. Formed from microtubules. Cilia move fluids across the cell surface. |
| Free Ribosomes | In the cytoplasm. Manufacture proteins for cell. |
| Fixed Ribosomes | attached to ER. Manufacture proteins for secretion. |
| Proteasomes | disassemble damaged proteins for recycling. |
| ER | Synthesis of proteins, carbohydrates and lipids. Storage of synthesized molecules and materials. Transport of materials within the ER. Detoxify of drugs or toxins. |
| Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum | Synthesizes lipids and carbohydrates. |
| Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum | Active in protein and glycoprotein synthesis. Folds polypeptides protein structures. Encloses products in transport vesicles. |
| Golgi Apparatus | packages macromolecules (proteins and lipids)after their synthesis and before they make their way to their destination. |
| Secretory vesicles | modifying and packaging products for exocytosis. |
| Membrane renewal vesicles | add or remove membrane components |
| Lysosomes | powerful enzyme-containing vesicles.. Carry enzymes to cytosol. Break down large molecules. Attack bacteria. Recycle damaged organelles. Eject wastes by exocytosis. |
| Autolysis | self-destruction of damaged cells |
| Most of the ATP required to power cellular operations is produced in | The Mitochondria |
| When activated _______ function in the digestion of foreign material. | Lysosomes |
| Translation | process of amino acids into polypeptide chains by mRNA. |
| A process that requires ATP to move substances against its concentration gradient is called | Active Transport |
| The process of forming mRNA | transcription |
| Positive Feedback | moves away from homeostasis. EX: giving birth, clotting |
| Negative Feedback | maintains homeostasis. EX:sweating |
| Peroxisomes | produce hydrogen peroxide. detoxify several toxic substances such as alcohol, abundant in the liver. |
| Proteasomes | continuously destroy uneeded, damaged or faulty proteins found in the cytosol and the nucleus. |
| Membrane Permeability: Gases | carbon dioxide, nitrogen and oxygen gas-YES |
| Membrane Permeability: Small Uncharged Polar Molecules | Ethanol-YES; Water, Urea-NO! |
| Membrane Permeability: Large Uncharged Polar Molecules | Glucose-NO |
| Membrane Permeability: Ions | Potassium, Magnesium, Calcium, Chloride, Bicarbonate-NO! |
| Membrane Permeability: Charged Polar Molecules | Amino Acids, ATP, Glucose and Phosphate-NP! |
| Factors Affecting Diffusion | 1.Distance the particle has to move. 2. the smaller the molecule, the faster it will diffuse. 3. the more heat the faster the motion. 4. the difference between high and low concentrations. 5. opposites attract and like charges repel |
| A Cell in a HYPOTONIC solution | 1. Gains water. 2. May rupture. |
| A Cell in a HYPERTONIC solution | 1. Loses water. 2. Shrinks the cell. |
| Resting potential exists because: | Concentration of ions is different inside & outside. Extracellular fluid rich in Na+ and Cl-. Cytosol full of K+; organic phosphate and protein(P-). Membrane highly permeable for K+. Na/K pump removes 3Na+ as fast as it leaks in and it brings in 2K+. |
| Cancer steps | Abnormal cell-> Primary Tumor-> Metastasis-> Secondary Tumor. |
| Epithelial Tissue | Covers body surfaces and lines hollow organs, body cavities, duct and forms glands. |
| Connective Tissue | Protects, supports, and binds organs. Stores energy as fat, provides immunity. |
| Muscular Tissue | Generates the physical force needed to make body structures move and generate body heat. |
| Nervous Tissue | Detect changes in body and responds by generating nerve impulses. |
| Tight Junctions | between two plasma membranes. Prevents passage of water and solutes. |
| Gap Junctions | allow for rapid communication. held together by channel proteins. allow ions pass. coordinate contractions in heart muscle. |
| Desmosomes | hold two cells tightly together. |
| Adherens Junctions | resist separation of cells during contractile activities. |
| Hemidesmosomes | anchor cells to the basement membrane. |
| Squamous Epithelia | Thin cells arranged Flat like floor tiles. Allow for rapid passage of substances. |
| Cuboidal Epithelia | Square shapes or hexagons. May have microvilli-function insecretion or absorption. |
| Columnar Epithelia | tall, slender rectangles. May have cilia or microvilli-specialized function for secretion and absorption. |
| Transitional Epithelia | cells change shape, transition for flat to cuboidal. Organs such as urinary bladder, stretch larger size and collapse to a smaller size. |
| Stratified Epithelia | protect underlying tissues in areas of wear and tear. |
| Simple Squamous Epithelia: Mesothelium | lines body ventral cavities |
| Simple Squamous Epithelia: Endothelium | lines the heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels. |
| Simple Squamous Epithelia | reduces friction; controls vessel permeability' performs absorption and secretion. |
| Stratified Squamous Epithelia | FOUND: skin, lining of the mouth, esophagus, rectum, anus, vagina. provides physical protections against abrasion, pathogens, and chemical attack. |
| Simple Cuboidal Epithelia | FOUND:Kidney tubules, thyroid gland glands-secretion, absorption, limited protection |
| Stratified Cuboidal Epithelia | FOUND:lining of some ducts. Protection, secretion, absorption. |
| Transitional Epithelium | FOUND: Urinary bladder, renal perlvis, uterus. Repeated cycles of stretching and recoiling. It returns to its previous shape without damage. |
| Simple Columnar Epithelium | lining of the stomach, intestine. Protection, absorption and secretion. |
| Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium | lining of the trachea and bronchi. Protection and absorption. |
| Stratified Columnar Epithelium | FOUND: pharynx. protection. |
| Endocrine Glands | release hormones into blood |
| Exocrine Glands | produce secretions onto epithelial surfaces through ducts. |
| Merocrine Secretion | Is produced in the Golgi apparatus. Released by exocytosis. EX: sweat glands |
| Apocrine Secretion | Is produced in the Golgi apparatus. Released byshedding cytoplasm. EX: mammary gland. |
| Holocrine Secretion | Is released by cells bursting, killing gland cells. Gland cells replaced by stem cells. EX: sebaceous gland-lubricate skin and hair. |
| Which one would be acidic? | the one with the lowest pH value |
| Which one of the has the most H+? | the one with lowest pH value |
| If cells are placed in a hypotonic solution containing solute to which the membrane is impermeable what will happen? | the cell will swell and ultimately burst. |
| The [NaCl] surrounding the cell in the interstitial fluid surrounding the cell increases, and the [NaCl] of all other solutes remains constant inside and outside the cell. | The cell will shrink |
| This type of secretion which some of the cytoplasm is lost with the product. | APOCRINE |
| Hydrophillic molecules | molecules that readily associate with water molecules. |
| The________help to regulate body temperature. | Integumentary tissue, Muscular tissue, Cardiovascular system |
| A type of junction that stop materials from crossing an epithelium between cells is termed | a tight junction. |
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