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Estrous & Pregnancy
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Define Estrous Cycle | Time from beginning of one heat period to beginning of next. |
| Puberty time? | 6-24 mnths; Avg.: 9-10 mnths. |
| What are the 2 phases of Estrous Cycle? | Follicular & Luteal Phase |
| What makes up the Follicular Phase? | Proestrus and Estrus |
| What makes up the Luteal Phase? | Diestrus and Anestrus |
| What is Proestrus & how long does it last? | When female is sexually attractive, but rejects male's advances 9-10 days |
| What is Estrus & how long does it last? | Mating. 9-10 days. |
| What is Metestrus | 2 phases in Diestrus when Corpus Luteum develops |
| What is Diestrus & how long does it last? | Pregnancy is established. Copus Luteum of max size. Female's refusal to mate. 57-58 days. |
| What is Anestrus & how long does it last? | Time when no reproductive event 2-5mnths |
| Physical signs of Proestrus? | Serosanguinous vaginal discharge Vulvular swelling Vaginal edema |
| Internal signs of Proestrus? | Lengthening & hyperemia of uterine horns Cervix enlargement Vaginal wall thickening |
| Hormonal signs of Proestrus? | Increasing serum concentrations of estradiol (estrogen) |
| What is Estrogen responsible for? | Physical signs of Proestrus |
| What produces Estrogen? | Maturing follicles in ovary under influence of FSH |
| Cytologic signs of Proestrus? | Vaginal Cytology: Parabasal & inmdt. cells predominate. WBC's & RBC's are present. |
| What kind of cells are most observed on vaginal smears? | Erythrocytes |
| Physical signs of Estrus? | Less turgid swollen vulva Vulvular discharge less bloody Female allows mating -"Standing" heat -"Flagging" |
| Hormonal signs of Estrus? | Estrogen peaks which initiates surge of LH. -Results in ovulation -Stimulates cells left behind to multiply into corpus luteum Progesterone levels start to increase |
| What produces Progesterone & what does it do? | Corpus luteum. Maintains pregnancy |
| Cytologic signs of Estrus? | Vaginal Cytology: Superficial anuclear squamous cells predominate (aka cornified cells) RBC's present |
| Internal signs of Metestrus? | Uterus lining is thick and "juicy". Loss of cornified epithelial lining. |
| Physical signs of Diestrus? | None. Ceasing signs of Estrus |
| Hormonal signs of Diestrus? | Progesterone levels keep increasing. |
| How do you tell if female is pregnant? | There is rapid pre-partum drop in Progesterone (24 hours before parturition) |
| Cytologic signs of Diestrus? | Vaginal Cytology: Decrease in number of superficial cells & reappearance of intmd. & parabasal & WBC's |
| True or False. In dogs/cats, unique in that corpora lutea appear to have preprogrammed lifespans. | True |
| What is Pseudopregnancy? | False pregnancy |
| What are signs of Pseudopregnancy? | Prolonged Diestrus. Nesting Behavior Mammary Enlargement (C/S fade with time) |
| What happens in Anestrus? | Progesterone reaches level below 3 nmol/L (needs to be high to maintain pregnancy) |
| Cytologic signs of Anestrus? | Acellular. Cells present are parabasal & small intmdt. cells |
| What kind of cycle do Queens have? | Seasonally Polyestrous |
| What controls the Queen's Estrous Cycle? | Photoperiod & body weight (12-14hrs of light & 2.5kgs |
| If there is an absence of ovulation/pregnancy in Queen's Estrous cycle what happens? | Estrous cycle reapeats every 10-14 days |
| Physical signs of Proestrus? | Increased affection. |
| Hormonal signs of Proestrus? | Increased Estrogen |
| Cytologic signs? | Cornified Epithelial cells |
| How long is Proestrus in Queens? | 1-2 Days |
| Physical signs of Proestrus? | Copulation Extreme affection -Vocalization -Head rubbing -Lordosis -"Flagging" |
| Hormonal signs of Proestrus? | Estrogen levels peak |
| Cytolgic signs of Proestrus? | Maximum vaginal epithelium cornification |
| Duration of Estrus? | 7-9 days |
| True or false. Cats are "induced ovulators. | True. |
| What happens during Queen's mating? | Vocalize. Tom bites female's neck. W/ erection, penis faces forward. Lasts 30sec-5min As male dismounts, female gives loud copulatory call & tom retreats. |
| How long may mating occur? | 6-7 times until Queen declines. For 4 days. |
| How is pregnancy diagnosed? | Palpation (days 21-30) 'walnuts' Ultrasound (18-20 days past LH peak) Radiography (day 45 past LH peak) |
| What days is an ultrasound done? | 25, 49, & 55 days. (optimum 33-45) -200 bpm |
| What is Gestation? | Period of pregnancy |
| How long is gestation in dogs/cats? | Dogs: 59-68 Cats: 56-69 |
| How many stages are their in labor? | 3 |
| What are the 3 stages of Labor? | 1st: Uterine Contractions 2nd: Delivery of newborn 3rd: Delivery of placenta |
| Signs of impending parturition? | Nesting behavior 12-24hrs before. Inappetance. Panting, shivering. Drop in rectal temp. (24-48hrs before parturition, caused by decrease in progesterone) <98 |
| What is seen in Labor, Stage I? | Uterine contractions Restlessness Panting Nesting Cervix dilates |
| What is seen in Labor, Stage II? | Rectal temp rises to normal Passing of fetal fluids Uterine & abdominal contractions -3 to 6 hours, up to 24 -Fetus delivered w/in 4hrs -Female breaks amniotic membrane, lick neonate intensely & sever umbilical cord -20mins to 1hr p/puppy, no more t |
| What are the warning signs in Labor, Stage II? | Greenish discharge but no pup w/in 2-4hrs. Fetal fluid passed more than 2-3hrs & nothing happened. Weak irregular straining more than 2-4hrs. |
| ..Warning signs continued.. | Strong regular straining more than 20-30 mins w/no pup born. More than 2-4hrs passed sice last pup born & more remain. Been in Stage II more than 12hrs. |
| what should you know about Stage III? | Interval between birth (15-20mins) Parturition shouldn't last more than 24hrs |
| What is seen in Labor, Stage III? | Pup-placenta intervals. Female eats placenta. Lochia: greenish postpartum discharge of fetal fluids & placenta -seen for 3wks) |
| What is dystocia? | Difficult birth or inability to expel fetus thru birth canal w/out assistance |
| Causes of dystocia? | Abnormal fetal position/size. Uterine inertia. Narrow birth canal. |
| Diagnosis of dystocia? | Vaginal palpation. Radiography. Ultrasound. |
| Treatment of dystocia? | Manual manipulation. Oxytocin injection (for uterine inertia) C-section |
| Appropriate maternal behavior? | Allow nursing. Grooming. Retrieving. Protection. |
| Inappropriate maternal behavior? | Attack, kill, cannibalize young. Overly protective, restless, aggressive. |
| What is Agalactia & what causes it? | Lack of milk production. -Stress. -Malnutrition. -Premature parturition. -Infection |
| What is Galactostasis? | Milk stasis. Can result in mastitis. |
| What is Mastitis and C/S? | Septic inflammation of mammary gland. -Pain -Discolored milk -Fever -Abscessed gland -Reluctant to allow nursing |
| Treatment for Mastitis? | Antibiotics. Warm compresses. Don't allow nursing from affected glands. |
| What is Pyometra? | Pus in uterus |
| What can high levels of Progesterone cause in uterus? | -Hyperplasia & hypertrophy of endometrial glands -Decreased myometrial contractions -Predisposes uterus to bacterial infection *most common is E.Coli |
| C/S of Pyometra? | -Vulvular discharge. Vomiting. Dehydration PU/PD Azotemia |
| Diagnosis of Pyometra? | Radiology. Ultrasound. Bloodwork *Closed pyometra: Leukocytosis, neutrophilia w/left shift |
| What is an open Pyometra & how is it treated? | Cervix is open & allows pus drainage. Ovariohysterectomy, Antibiotics & fluid therapy |
| What is Vaginitis? | Inflammatory process, not infectious |
| Another name for puppy vaginitis? | Prepuberal bitch. |
| Causes of puppy Vaginitis? | Inverted vulva. Hormonal fluctuations. |
| C/S of puppy Vaginitis & Treatments? | Purulent vulvar discharge. Licking vulva. -Systemic Antibiotics -Topical douching |
| Causes of Adult Vaginitis? | Anatomical abnormalities. Canine herpes virus. |
| Adult Vaginitis C/S? | Purulent vulvular discharge. Licking vulva. Peri-vulvar skin irritation/infection. Urinary incontinence. |
| How does Vaginal hyperplasia/prolapse occur? | Under influence of Estrogen. *results in edematous vaginal tissue. |
| Vaginal hyperplasia/prolapse treatment? | Ovariohysterectomy. |
| Who is Mammary tumors seen in? | Older intact females. -50% in female dogs. -3rd most common tumor in cats |
| True or false. Mammary tumor risk reduces w/ovariohysterectomy. | True. *<1% if spayed before 1st heat. |
| What % of canine/feline tumors are benign? | Dogs: 50% Cats: 10-20% |
| How do you differentiate between benign & malignant? | Biopsy. |
| Define Ovariohysterectomy? | Surgical removal of ovaries & uterus. |
| Define Prostate? | Used to produce fluid as transport & support medium for sperm during ejaculation. |
| Where is the Prostate? | Caudal to bladder, encircling proximal urethra at neck of bladder. |
| What is Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia? | Enlarged Prostate. |
| What causes BPH & what are the C/S? | Altered androgen/estrogen ratio. Tenesmus. *feel like constantly need to pee. |
| What is the BPH treatment? | Castration. *results in 70% decrease w/in 14 days |
| Define Prostatitis & what are C/S? | Painful infection of Prostate gland. -Lethary -Anorexia |
| How is Prostatitis diagnosed? | Urinalysis. *Hematuria, increased WBC, bacteria present. |
| Prostatitis treatment? | Antibiotics. Castration. |
| True or false. Prostatic neoplasia is very common & is benign. | False. Uncommon & is all malignant. |
| Tell me about Transmissible Venereal Tumor (TVT) | Canines. Spreads during sexual contact. Found on penis, prepuce, & scrotum. *cauliflower-like |
| TVT treatment? | Chemotherapy. Surgical removal of masses. |
| Define Cryptorchidism? | Testicles are retained in abdomen/inguinal canal. |
| True or false. Dog can no longer produce testosterons, show sexual desire or breed with Cryptorchidism? | False. |
| What tumor is common in retained testicles? | Testicular tumor known as Sertoli Cell Tumor. |
| Cryptorchidism treatment? | Castration. |
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