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Final Exam Earth Sci
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| .Most glasses and some minerals exhibit a type of fracture characterized by nested and curved crack surfaces. What term describes this property? | conchoidal fracture |
| The two most abundant elements found in Earth's crust are | oxygen, silicon |
| A. oxygen B. sulfur C. aluminum D. iron | sulfur |
| Which of the following is NOT one of the eight most common elements in the Earth's crust? | carbon |
| A. lithification B. cementation C. weathering | weathering |
| refers to the removal and isolation of early-formed mineral grains that can cause the composition of the remaining change. | fractional crystallization |
| Igneous rocks are classified on the basis of what two main characteristics? | mineral comp. and texture |
| .The two most common minerals in detrital sedimentary rocks are | clay and quartz |
| Rock salt and rock gypsum are common examples of a group of chemical sedimentary rocks called | evaporates |
| refers to the processes by which unconsolidated sediments are transformed into solid sedimentary rocks. | lithifaction |
| A. granite B. basalt C. diorite D. gabbro | basalt |
| is a strong, parallel alignment of different mineral bands in a metamorphic rock. | foliation |
| Which pair of minerals is most common in detrital sedimentary rocks? | clay and quartz |
| Detrital sediments would predominate in all of the following environments except | salt flat |
| Detrital sedimentary rocks are classified (named) primarily on the basis of | particle size |
| Igneous rock is formed by | crystallization of molten rock |
| Chemical weathering would be most effective | in a warm, humid climate |
| Granite and gabbro | have a similar texture |
| Obsidian exhibits a ________ texture. | glassy |
| Rocks that contain crystals that are roughly equal in size and can be identified with the unaided eye are said to exhibit a ________ texture. | coarse grained |
| Select the coarse-grained rock which is composed mainly of quartz and potassium feldspar from the list below. | granite |
| A. oceanic ridge B. seafloor spreading C. arc volcanoes D. divergent | C |
| During the first two decades of the twentieth century, ______ was a vigorous proponent of continental drift. | Wegener |
| The_____today marks the location of the rift along which Africa separated from South America. | mid-Atlantic ridge |
| Japan and the Aleutian Islands have formed from a(n) _____ to ________ convergent boundary. | oceanic oceanic |
| The San Andreas fault in California is a good example of a(n) _____ plate boundary. | transform fault |
| Rifting and normal faulting are characteristic of a(n) ____ plate boundary. | divergent |
| Linear, magnetic patterns associated with mid-ocean ridges are configured as ________. | normal and reversed magnetized strips roughly parallel to the ridge |
| Which of the following energy sources is thought to drive the lateral motions of Earth's lithospheric plates? | export of heat from deep in the mantle to the top of the asthenosphere |
| _____ was never proposed as evidence supporting the existence of Pangaea. | Islands of Precambrian rocks along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge |
| Which one of the following most accurately describes the volcanoes of the Hawaiian Islands? | Shield volcanoes fed by a long-lived hot spot below the Pacific lithospheric plate |
| Which of the following statements apply to the asthenosphere, but not the lithosphere? | zone in the upper mantle that deforms by plastic flowage |
| New oceanic crust and lithosphere are formed at ________. | divergent boundaries by submarine eruptions and intrusions of basaltic magma |
| Cooler, older, oceanic lithosphere sinks into the mantle at ________. | subduction zones along convergent plate boundaries |
| Pull-apart rift zones are generally associated with a ________ plate boundary. | divergent |
| _____ most effectively outline the edges of the lithospheric plates. | lines of earthquake epicenter |
| The Aleutian Islands occur at a ________. | convergent boundary on a volcanic arc above a northward-subducting Pacific plate |
| Mount St. Helens and the other Cascade volcanoes are ________. | C) young, active stratovolcanoes built on a continental margin above a sinking slab of oceanic lithosphere |
| A. P wave B. S wave C. surface wave D. body wave | surface wave |
| A. Modified Mercalli B. energy C. Richter D. amplitude | A |
| What instrument is used to record earthquake vibrations? | Seismograph |
| is the name of the earthquake-magnitude scale based on the amount of seismic energy released during the event. | Richter Scale |
| is the cool, brittle, outer layer of Earth that includes the crust and uppermost mantle. | lithosphere |
| is the layer of warm rock below the crust and uppermost mantle that readily deforms and flows plastically. | Asthenosphere. |
| A. superposition B. correlation C. original horizontality D. inclusions | correlation |
| A transform fault is _______ | D) a strike-slip fault that forms the boundary between tectonic plates |
| fault develops in response to horizontal, tensional stresses in crustal rocks.7. | strike-slip |
| Any accreted crustal fragment that has a geologic history distinct from that of the adjoining fragments is termed | terrane |
| are fractures showing little or no movement of the rocks on either side. | joint |
| The east coast of North America is a good example of a(n) ________ tectonic margin. | passive continental margin |
| A(n) _______ has strata on both limbs dipping inward toward the axis. | syncline |
| A horst is ________. | an uplifted block bounded by two normal faults |
| In a(n) ________ fault, the hanging wall block moves up with respect to the footwall block. | reverse |
| Which one of the following stress situations results in folding of flat-lying, sedimentary strata? | horizontally directed; compressive stresses |
| A graben is characterized by ________. | a hanging wall block that has moved down between two normal faults |
| The mountains and valleys of the Basin and Range Province of the western United States formed in response to ________. | tensional stresses and normal-fault movements |
| The average composition of rocks comprising a large composite cone or stratovolcano is similar to a(n) ________ magma. | C) andesitic |
| ________ is the largest discordant body of intrusive, igneous rock. | batholith |
| Vents that emit only hot gases and vapors are called ________. | fumaroles |
| Large, volcanic depressions formed by subsidence and collapse are known as __ | _calderas |
| A. ash B. crystals C. lapilli D. blocks | crystals |
| A ________ is an intrusive, igneous rock body that is tabular and concordant. | sill |
| ________ is a near surface, intrusive igneous rock body that results from local inflation of a horizontal sill. | laccolith |
| A ________ volcano is a very large, gently sloping mound composed mainly of basaltic lava flows. | shield |
| Which one of the following best describes volcanism in the Cascade Range, northwestern United States? | related to plate subduction |
| Kilauea and Mauna Loa are ________. | basalitc shield volcanoes |
| Which type of basaltic lava flow has a fairly smooth, unfragmented, ropy surface? | pahoehoe |
| The Columbia Plateau in the northwestern United States is an excellent example of ________. | B) flood basalts |
| Clams, sponges, and crabs are all examples of ________ organisms. | Benthos |
| A. plankton B. nekton C. neritic D. benthos | C |
| A. photic zone B. intertidal zone C. neritic zone D. oceanic zone | A |
| .Animals capable of moving independently of the ocean currents, by swimming or other means of propulsion, are called ________. | C) nekton |
| The proportion of dissolved substances in seawater is expressed as 0/00 which is the same as ________. | parts per thousand |
| Salinity in the ocean is highest in regions where ________ is high and ________ is low. | evaporation; precipitation |
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