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Anthropology 130
Final Exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Aztecs | Nahuatl language, Origin: Mexica a Chichimec group from northern Mexico, Migration to Valley of Mexico in 13th century, Served as mercenaries for ruling families in Tula, Culhua |
| Tenochtitlan | Capital of Aztecs, 1428 joined with Texcoco and Tlacopan to form triple alliance, Captured by Spanish in 1521 |
| Tiwanaku | was linked to INcan cultural origins, 25-40,000 inhabitants, excellent masonry and monumuental architecture, extensive trade, political dominance for 700 years |
| Cuzco | Capital of the Inca Empire, Known for incredible masonry, still inhabited, very high altitude 11,000 ft hypoxia |
| Machu Picchu | Known for its terraced fields and grandiose beauty, 7,000 ft above sea level, likely royal estate |
| The Moche | Made amazing ceramics and fine art, 2 major pyramids: Huaca del Sol and Huaca del Luna, Sun-dried mud brick (adobe) poor preservation |
| The Nazca | Uncertain dates: 300-200 BC to about AD 800, Cultural coherence not centralized power, other art- ceramic influence |
| Puquios | Date of construction uncertain, according to archaeology ca. AD 5-600 around a time of major droughts, still in use today |
| Mesopotamia | Sumer: Southern Mesopotamia, Ubaid Period: Irrigation canals and Temples, Long distance trade sophsticated architecture, no real evidence of statehood probably city-states |
| Eridu | Oldest city in Sumeria, Enki: patron God, Featured in Sumerian mythology, temple, cemetery |
| Uruk | 50,000 people by 4,500 years, Anu Ziggurate and White Temple, Inanna precinct, walled city built by Gilgamesh |
| Ur | Over 2,500 burials, great death pit, tomb queen puabi, standard of UR |
| Cuneiform | Clay tablets and cylinder seals probably outgrowth of record-keeping with tokens, proto-cuneiform in Syria and Turkey 6,000 yrs ago, began as pictographs and abstract signs, morphed into wedge-shaped signs made with stylus and clay |
| Karnack | Made in middle kingdom used through the late kingdom, dedicated to deity Amun-Ra by Senwosert I, Center for cult of Amun-Ra, expansion of site later in time Late Kingdom destroyed most of Middle Kingdom temple |
| Akenhaten | Inherited a peaceful kingdom, switched relgion to Aten at expense of Amun-Ra monotheism, established new capital at Amarna, after deaths of his wife, mother, and daughter waged war against Amen-Ra |
| King Tutankhamen | Known for tomb findings by Howard Carter in 1922, Son of Akenhaten and minor wife, Heir to throne at age 9, Puppet King, Restored Amen-Ra, Died at age 19 |
| Franchti Cave | Early evidence for agriculture in Greece/Europe, Mesolithic diet: wild seds and large tuna important, after 7,000 BC: sudden appearance of sheep and goat bones, wheat and barley wild foods less common |
| Iceman | Remarkably well-preserved 5,300-6,000 year old body found in Alps, Toolkit included copper axe, Health and migration |
| Charavines | Lakeside village, exposed during low lake levels 1906, underwater arachaeology in 1970's, small villages, crops planted by hand with mattocks, small scale production |
| Megaliths | appear with the spread of farming (4000 BC), Menhir, Henge, Tomb |
| Stonehenge | Constructed over 1,500 years (3,000 to 1,500 BC), changed function over time, Aubrey Holes, Sarsen Stones, Trilithons |
| Bog People | Iron-Age found throughout parts of western and northern Europe, Associated with water, bogs offer excellent preservation allow for detailed reconstructions |
| Codices | A hand-painted book on bark paper or animal skins folded like a screen |
| Quipu | The Inca word for an elaborate knotted string device used by the Inca and other peoples in Peru for record keeping |
| Coprolite | Fossilized feces |
| Maritime Hypothesis | complex societies with monumental architecture and a subsistence regime based on marine resources emerged during the preceramic era on the Pacific Coast of South America. |
| El Nino | A warm-water countercurrent that periodically appears off the Peruvian coast, usually soon after Christmas, and alters the normal patterns of water temperature, flow, and salinity |
| Quinoa | A pigweed of the high Andes. Seeds of the plant were ground and used as food in the past and still are today |
| Shaman | An anthropological term for a spiritualist, curer, or seer. |
| Huaca del Sol | one of the largest solid adobe structures ever built in the Americas |
| Lost was casting | A technique for casting metal in which a sand or clay casig is formed aroudn a wax sculpture; molten metal is poured into the casing, melting the wax. |
| Chan Chan | settlement found at the mouth of the Moche Valley, capital of the Chimu state, known for have ciudadelas (little cities) |
| Split Inheritance | An Andean practice by which the sucessor to the throne inherited only the office of the dead ruler; his junior kinsmen recieved the lands, palace, and personal wealth of the dead ruler |
| Chicha | A South American beer made from maize |
| Sumer | Southern alluvial plain of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, became the demographic and plotical core of Southwest Asia |
| Seal Stamp | A piece of inscribed stone used by administrators to impress a symbol on wet pieces of clay or bitumen in order to keep track of goods |
| Ziggurat | A large pyramid in Mesopotamia consiting of many stepped levels |
| Pantheon | The officially recognized gods of a people |
| Harappa | scattered across the plains in major agricultural areas or along important trade routes, built with massive mudbrick walls and platforms that raised the towns above the surrounding flood plains, highly standardized with a system of weights and measurers |
| Papyrus | A tall marsh plant, or reed, of the Nile Valley that the ancient Egyptians cut into strips and pressed into a kind of paper to write on |
| Narmer | succeeded in unifying Egypt into one kingdom around 3,100 B.C., founded a dynasty and a political structure that lasted for nearly 3,000 years |
| Canopic Jars | were used by the Ancient Egyptians during the mummification process to store and preserve the viscera of their owner for the afterlife |
| Zoser | built the step pyramid |
| Khufu | built his massive pyramid or the Great Pyramid |
| Khafre | smaller pyramid than the Great Pyramid, the Great Sphinx, bears Khafre's features |
| Shaduf | An Egyptian bucket-and-lever lifitng device that enables one to raise water a few feet from a well or ditch onto fields and gardens |
| Oracle bone | An animal bone with cracks (due to heating) or other markings, used to foretell the future |
| An-yang | a large ceremonial and administrative center with monumental architecture surrounded by craft areas, including bronze foundries, ston and bone workshops, and pottery kilns. Circling the center were residential hamlets, a roayl cemetery |
| Shang Dynasty | The major Shang centers were Ao, Lo-yang, and An-yang. Late Shang society was highly stratified into upper an dlower classes |
| Xianyang | capital city from which the Qin empire ruled. The empire also built the Great Wall |
| Angkor Wat | the largest religious monument in the world. It was constructed as a representation of the Hindu universe by King Suryavarman II |
| Pstoralist | An animal herder. Pastoralism is a subsistence strategy gererally associated with a mobile lifeway. |
| Great Zimbabwe | a high plateau country bounded by rivers. people lived in permanent villages, iron working common skill, trade was evident |
| V. Gordon Childe | Described the essence of what we mean by civilization in a list of ten characteristics |
| Robert Carneiro | Proposed a gernal model for state development, suggested that warefare and bounded conditions may account for the origin of states |
| Circumscription | The process or act of being enclosed by either envrionemtal bourndaries, such as mountains, oceans, and rivers, or social boundaries, such as neighboring groups of people |
| Karl Wittfogel | proposed water control (irrigation) as the key variable in the rise of the "hydraulic state" |
| Anthropogenic | Describes an effect or process resulting from human activity. The creation of pasture from forest through intentional burning is an example |
| Varna | Cemetery that contained at least 190 grave, red ochre was spread over most of the burials, proivde evidence for stauts differentiation in the Neolithic of southeastern Europe |
| Cenotaph | A grave that does not contain a skeleton |
| Charavines | a lakeshore site located in France, two major phases of occupation, should be known as wood age, many tools found along with food, clear signs of trade |
| Megalith | A large stone monument |
| Dolmen | A generic term for a megalthic tomb or chamber with a roof |
| Barrow | An earthen mound covering a burial; found in prehistoric Europe and Asia |
| Trilithon | A massive stone lintel occurring in prehistoric structures, such as Stonehenge and the Tholos tombs in Greece |
| Knossos | built around 3,000 B.C., palaces were the centers of the Minoan state, extensive network of trade, extensive network of trade, destroyed at least twice |
| Mycenae | located on high defensible points on the landscape, graves included precious metals, system of roads, high influence of military |
| Bronze | A mixture of copper and tin or arsenic to make a hard, durable metal |
| Borum Eshoj | One of the largest Bronze Age barrows in Denmark, Three oak coffins were found in the mound, various bronze objects found in them |
| Vix | Tombs of the elite of Celtic soceity, tomb filled with a wealth of exotic funerary offerings, marterials found indicate extensive trade |
| Celt | An implement shaped like a chisel or an axe; may be made of stone or metal |
| Maiden Castle | one of the largest hill forts in Britain, first used 3,700 B.C. as a Neolithic camp, despite massive defensives it fell to the Roman legions |
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crescenti
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