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PHM 316 chapt 5
Question | Answer |
---|---|
Adip/o | Fat |
Lip/o | Fat |
Steat/o | Fat |
Derm/o | Skin |
Dermat/o | Skin |
Cutane/o | Skin |
Erthr/o | Red |
Hidr/o | Sweat |
Hist/o | Tissue |
Histi/o | Tissue |
Ichthy/o | Fish |
Kera/o | Hard |
Sclera/o | Hard |
Leuk/o | White |
Melan/o | Black |
Myc/o | Fungus |
Onych/o | Nail |
Plas/o | Formation |
Purpur/o | Purple |
Seb/o | Sebum (oil) |
Squam/o | Scale |
Trich/o | Hair |
Xanth/o | Yellow |
Xer/o | Dry |
Epithelium | Cells covering internal and external surfaces of the body |
Epidermis | Thin, cellular outer layer of the skin |
Squamous layer | Flat, scale—like epithelial cells comprising the outermost layers of the epidermis |
Basal layer | Deepest region of the epidermis |
Melanocyte | A cell found in the basal layer that gives color to the skin |
Melanin | Dark brown to black pigment contained in melanocytes |
Dermis | Dense fibrous connective tissue layer of the skin (also known as the corium) |
Sebaceous glands | Oil glands in the skin |
Sebum | Oily substance secreted by the sebaceous glands |
Sudoriferous glands | Sweat glands |
Subcutaneous tissue | Connective and adipose tissue layer just beneath the dermis |
Collagen | Protein substance found in the skin and connective tissue |
Hair | Outgrowth of the skin composed of keratin |
Nail | Outgrowth of the skin attached to the distal end of each finger and toe, composed of keratin |
Keratin | Hard protein material found in the epidermis, hair, and nails |
Lesion | An area of pathologically altered tissue (two types: primary and secondary) |
Primary lesions | Lesions arising from previously normal skin |
Macule (macula) | A flat, discolored spot on the skin up to 1 cm across (e.g. a freckle) |
Patch | A flat discolored area on the skin larger than 1 cm (e.g. vitiligo) |
Papule | A solid mass n the skin up to .5 cm in diameter (e.g a nevus [mole]) |
Plaque | A solid mass greater than 1 cm in diameter, limited to the surface of the skin |
Nodule | A solid mass greater than 1 cm in diameter which extends deeper into the epidermis |
Tumor | A solid mass larger than 1-2 cm |
Wheal | An area of localized skin edema (swelling) (e.g. a hive) |
Vesicle | Little bladder; an elevated, fluid filled sac (blister) within or under the epidermis up to .5 cm in diameter (e.g. a fever blister) |
Bulla | A blister larger than .5 cm (e.g. a second degree burn) |
Pustule | A pus-filled sac (e.g. a pimple) |
Secondary lesions | Lesions that result in changes in primary lesions |
Erosion | To gnaw away; loss of superficial epidermis leaving an area of moisture but no bleeding (e.g. area of moisture after rupture of a vesicle) |
Ulcer | An open sore on the skin or mucous membrane that can bleed and scar and is sometimes accompanied by infection (e.g. decubitus ulcer) |
Excoriation | A scratch mark (e.g. from a cat scratch) |
Fissure | A linear crack on the skin |
Scale | A thin flake of exfoliated epidermis (e.g. dandruff) |
Crust | Dried residue of serum (body liquid), pus or blood on the skin (e.g. in impetigo) |
Cicatrix of the skin | A mark left by the healing of a sore or wound showing the replacement of destroyed tissue by fibrous tissue |
Keloid | An abnormal overgrowth of scar tissue that is thick and irregular |
Vascular lesions | Lesions of a blood vessel |
Cherry angioma | A small round, bright-red blood vessel tumor on the skin, often on the trunk of the elderly |
Telaniectasia | (Spider angioma) A tiny, red blood vessel lesion formed by the dilation of a group of blood vessels radiating from a central arteriole, most commonly seen on the face, neck or chest |
Purpuric lesions | Purpura; lesions as a result of hemorrhages into the skin |
Petechia | Spot; reddish-brown, minute hemmoragic spot on the skin that indicates bleeding tendency-small purpura |
Ecchymosis | Bruise; a black and blue mark-large purpura |
Epidermal tumors | Skin tumors arising from the epidermis |
Nevus | A congenital malformation on the skin that can be epidermal or vascular- also called a mole |
Dysplastic nevus | A mole with precancerous changes |
Verruca | An epidermal tumor caused by a papilloma virus-also called a wart |
Alopecia | Baldness; natural or unnatural deficiency of hair |
Comedo (pl. comedos, comedones) | A plug of sebum (oil) within the opening of a hair follicle |
Closed comedo | Whitehead; below the skin surface with a white head |
Open comedo | Blackhead; open to the skin surface with a black center caused by the presence of melanin exposed to air |
Eruption | Appearance of a skin lesion |
Erythema | Redness of skin |
Pruritus | Severe itching |
Rash | A general term for skin eruption, most often associated with communicable disease |
Skin pigmentation | Skin color due to the presence of melanin |
Depigmentation | Loss of melanin pigment in the skin |
Hypopigmentation | Areas of skin lacking color due to deficient amounts of melanin |
Hyperpigmentation | Darkened areas of skin caused by excessive amounts of melanin |
Suppuration | Production of purulent matter (pus) |
Urticaria | Hives; an eruption of wheals on the skin accompanied by itch |
Xeroderma | Dry skin |
Acne | An inflammation of the sebaceous glands and hair follicles of the skin evidenced by comedones, pustules or nodules on the skin |
Albinism | A hereditary condition characterized by a partial or total lack of melanin pigment (particularly in the eyes, skin and hair) |
Burn | Any injury to body tissue caused by heat, chemicals, electricity, radiation or gases |
First-degree burn | A burn involving only the epidermis, characterized by erthema (redness) and hyperesthesia (excessive sensation) |
Second-degree burn | A burn involving the epidermis and dermis, characterized by erythema, hyperesthesia and vesications (blisters) |
Third-degree burn | A burn involving all layers of skin, characterized by the destruction of the epidermis and dermis with damage or destruction of the subcutaneous tissue |
Cellulitis | An acute inflammation of subcutaneous tissue resulting from a bacterial invasion through a break in the skin |
Dermatitis | An inflammation of the skin characterized by redness, pruritus (itching) and various lesions |
Atopic dermatitis | A chronic skin inflammation characterized by the appearance of inflamed, swollen papules, vesicles that crust/scale, with severe itching and burning; most outbreaks begin in infancy and are marked by exacerbations and remissions that usually end as adults |
Contact dermatitis | An inflammation of the skin resulting from contact with a substance to which one is allergic or is a known skin irritant |
Seborrheic dermatitis | Redness of the skin covered by a yellow, oily, itchy scale, most commonly at the hairline, forehead, and around the nose, ears or eyelashes. Develops at any age, referred to as “cradle cap” in infants |
Dermatosis | Any disorder of the skin |
Exanthematous | viral disease Eruption of the skin caused by a viral disease |
Rubella Exanthematous | viral disease; reddish; German measles |
Rubeola Exanthematous | viral disease; reddish; 14 day measles |
Varicella | Exanthematous viral disease; a tiny spot; chicken pox |
Eczema | To boil out; the term is often used interchangeably with dermatitis to denote a skin condition characterized by the appearance of inflamed, swollen papules and vesicles that crust and scale, often with sensations of itching and burning |
Furuncle | A boil; a painful nodule formed in the skin by inflammation originating in a hair follicle- caused by staphylococcosis |
Carbuncle | A skin infection consisting of clusters of furuncles |
Abscess | A localized collection of pus in a cavity formed by the inflammation of surrounding tissues that heals when drained or excised |
Gangrene | An eating sore; death of tissue associated with loss of blood supply resulting from trauma or an inflammatory or infectious process such as seen in complications of frostbite, severe burns and conditions that affect circulation (e.g. diabetes) |
Herpes simplex virus type 1 | Transient viral vesicles (e.g. cold sores, fever blisters) that infect the facial area, especially the mouth and nose (herpes |
Herpes simplex virus type 2 | Sexually transmitted ulcer-like lesions of the genital and anorectal skin and mucosa; after initial infection, the virus lies dormant in the nerve cell root and may reappear in times of stress. HSV-2 |
Herpes zoster | A viral disease affecting the peripheral nerves characterized by painful blisters that spread over the skin following infected nerves; usually unilateral- also known as shingles |
Ichthyosis | A skin condition caused by a gene defect that results in dry, thick, scaly, skin; ichthyosis vulgaris is the most common of the many types (vulgaris is a Greek word meaning common) |
Impetigo | Highly contagious, bacterial skin inflammation marked by pustules that rupture and become crusted-often occurs around the mouth and nostrils |
Keratoses | Thickened areas of epidermis |
Actinic keratoses(Solar keratoses) | Localized thickening of the skin caused by excessive exposure to sunlight; a known precursor to cancer |
Seborrheic keratoses | Benign wart-like lesions (seen especially on elderly skin) |
Lupus | A chronic autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation of various parts of the body |
Cutaneous lupus | Limited to the skin; evidenced by a characteristic rash, especially on the face, neck and scalp |
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) | A more serve form of lupus involving the skin joints and often vital organs (e.g. lungs, kidneys) |
Malignant cutaneous neoplasm | Skin cancer |
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) | A malignant tumor of squamous epithelium |
Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) | A malignant tumor of the basal layer of the epidermis (the most common type of skin cancer) |
Malignant melanoma | A malignant tumor composed of melanocytes- most develop from a pigment nevus over time |
Kaposi sarcoma | A malignant tumor of the walls of blood vesels appearing as painless, dark blueish-purple plaques on he skin; often spreads to lymph nodes and internal organs |
Onychia | Inflammation of the fingernail or toenail |
Paronychia | Inflammation of the nail fold |
Pediculosis | Infestation with lice that causes itching and dermatitis |
Pediculosis capitis | Head lice |
Pediculosis pubis | Lice that generally infect the pubic region, but hair of the axilla, lashes, beard or other hair body surfaces may also be involved- also called crabs |
Psoriasis | An itching; a chronic, recurrent skin disease marked by silver-grey scales covering red patches on the skin that result overproduction and thickening of skin cells-elbows, knees, genitals, arms, legs, scalp and nails are common sites of involvement |
Scabies | A contagious disease caused by a parasite (mite) that invades the skin, causing an intense itch- most often found at articulations between the fingers or toes, elbow, etc |
Tinea | A group of fungal diseases identified by the body part that is affected, including tinea corporis (body), commonly called ringworm and tinea pedis, also called athletes foot |
Vitiligo | A condition caused by the destruction of melanin hat results in the appearance of white patches on the skin, commonly the face, hands, legs and genital areas |
Biopsy (Bx) | Removal of a small piece of tissue for microscopic pathological examination |
Excisional Bx | Removal of an entire lesion |
Incisional Bx | Removal of a selected portion of a lesion |
Shave Bx | A technique using a surgical blade to “shave” tissue from the epidermis and upper dermis |
Culture and sensitivity (C&S) | A technique isolating and growing colonies of microorganisms to identify a pathogen and to determine which drugs might be effective in combating the infection |
Frozen section (FS) | A surgical method involving cutting a thin piece of tissue from a frozen specimen for immediate pathological examination |
Skin tests | Methods for determining the reaction of the body to a given substance by applying it to, or injecting it into, the skin-commonly seen in treating allergy |
Scratch test | The substance is applied to the skin through a scratch |
Patch test | The substance is applied topically to the skin on a small piece of blotting paper or wet cloth |
Chemosurgery/Chemical peel | A technique for restoring wrinkled, scarred or blemished skin by application of an acid solution to “peel” away the top layers of skin |
Cryosurgery | Destruction of tissue by freezing- involves application of an extremely cold chemical (e.g. liquid nitrogen) |
Dermabrasion | Surgical removal of frozen epidermis using wire brushes and emery papers to remove scars, tattoos and/or wrinkles; aerosol spray is used to freeze the skin |
Debridement | Removal of dead tissue from a wound or burn site to promote healing and prevent infection |
Curettage | To clean; scraping of a wound using a spoon-like cutting instrument called a curette; this technique is used in debridement |
Electrosurgical procedures | Use of electric currents to destroy tissue- the type and strength of the current and method of application varies |
Electrocautery | Use of an instrument heated by electric current (cautery) to coagulate bleeding areas by burning the tissue (e.g to sear a blood vessel) |
Electrodesiccation | Use of short, high-frequency, electric currents to destroy tissue by drying- the active electrode makes direct contact with the skin lesion |
Fulguraion | To lighten; use of long, high-frequency, electric sparks to destroy tissue; the active electrode does not touch the skin |
Incision and drainage | Incision and drainage of an infected skin lesion (e.g an abscess) |
Laser surgery | Surgery using a laser in various dermatological procedures to remove lesions, scars, etc. |
Laser | an instrument that concentrates high frequencies of light into a small, extremely intense beam that is precise in depth and diameter. It is applied to body tissues to destroy lesions or for dissection (cutting of parts for study) |
Mohs surgery | A technique used to excise tumors of the skin by removing fresh tissue layer by layer until a tumor free plane is reached |
Skin grafting | Transfer of skin from one body site to another to replace skin lost through burns or injury |
Autograft | Transfer to a new position on the body of the same individual |
Homograft | Donor transfer between individuals of the same species, such as human to human |
Allograft | Donor transfer between individuals of the same species, such as human to human |
Xenograft | A graft transfer from one animal species to one of another species |
Heterograft | A graft transfer from one animal species to one of another species |
Chemotherapy | Treatment of malignancies, infections and other diseases with chemical agents that destroy selected cells or impair their ability to reproduce |
Radiation therapy | Treatment of neoplastic disease by using ionizing radiation to deter proliferation of malignant cells |
Sclerotherapy | Use of sclerosing agents in treating diseases (e.g injection of a saline solution into a dilated blood vessel tumor in the skin, resulting in the hardening of the tissue and eventual sloughing away of the lesion) |
Ultraviolet therapy | Use of ultraviolet light to promote healing of a skin lesion (e.g. an ulcer) |
Anesthetic | A drug that temporarily blocks transmission of nerve conduction to produce a loss of sensations (e.g. pain) |
Antibiotic | A drug that kills or inhibits the growth of microorganisms |
Antifungal | A drug that kills or prevents the growth of fungi |
Antihistamine | A drug that blocks the effects of histamine in the body |
Histamine | A regulating body substance released in excess during allergic reaction causing swelling and inflammation of tissues (e.g. in urticaria (hives), hay fever) |
Anti-inflammatory | A drug that reduces inflammation |
Antipruritic | A drug that relieves itching |
Antiseptic | An agent that inhibits the growth of infectious microorganisms |
BCC | Basal cell carcinoma |
Bx | Biopsy |
C&S | Culture and sensitivity |
FS | Frozen section |
HSV-1 | Herpes simplex virus type 1 |
HSV-2 | Herpes simplex virus type 2 |
I&D | Incision and drainage |
SCC | Squamous cell carcinoma |
SLE | Systemic lupus erythematosus |