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Elem Stats ch 3
A Brief Version: Elementary Statistics Ch 3
Question | Answer |
---|---|
What are the four measures of central tendency? | Mean, median, mode, and midrange. |
Statistic | A characteristic or measure obtained by using the data values from a sample. |
Parameter | A characteristic or measure obtained by using the data values from a specific population. |
Mean | Also known as the arithmetic average. Is found by adding the value of the data and dividing by the total number of values. |
Median | The midpoint of the data array. The symbol for median is MD. It is found by arranging the data in order and selecting the middle point. |
Mode | The value that occurs most often in a data set. |
Unimodal | A data set that has only one value that occurs with the greatest frequency. |
Bimodal | A data set that has two values that occur with the same greatest frequency and both vales are considered to be the mode. |
Multimodal | A data set that has more than two values that occur with the same greatest frequency and each value is considered to be the mode. |
No Mode | No data value occurs more than once. |
Midrange | The sum of the lowest and the highest values in the data set and then divide by 2. The symbol MR is used. |
Weighted Mean | Find the mean of a variable X by multiplying each value by its corresponding weight and dividing the sum of the products by the sum of the weights. |
Positively Skewed or Right-Skewed Distribution | The majority of the data values fall to the left of the mean and cluster at the lower end of the distribution; the "tail" is to the right. |
Negatively Skewed or Left-Skewed | The majority of the data values fall to the right of the mean and cluster at the upper end of the distribution; the "tail" is to the left. |
Symmetric Distribution | The data values are evenly distributed on both sides of the mean. |
Range | The highest value minus the lowest value. The symbol R is used. |
Variance | The average of the squares of the distance each value is from the mean. The symbol is the Greek lowercase letter sigma squared for population and s squared for sample. |
Standard Deviation | The square root of the variance. The symbol is the Greek lowercase letter sigma for population and s for sample. |
N = | Population size. |
n = | Sample size. |
X = | Individual value. |
Coefficient of Variation | Denoted by CVar, is the standard deviation by the mean. The result is expressed as a percentage. |
The Range Rule of Thumb | A rough estimate of the standard deviation is s = range/4. |
Chebyshev's Theorm | The proportion from a data set that will fall within k standard deviations of the mean will be at least 1- 1/k^2, where k is a number greater than 1 (k is not necessarily an integer). |
Empirical Rule | About 68% of the data values will fall within 1 standard deviation of the mean, about 95% within 2 deviations, and 99.7% within 3 deviations. |
Percentiles | Divide the data set into 100 equal groups. |
Z Score or Standard Score | A value obtained by subtracting the mean from the value and dividing the results by the standard deviation. The symbol is z. |
Outlier | An extremely high or an extremely low data value when compared with the rest of the data values. |
Interquartile Range (IRQ) | The difference between the first quartile and the third quartile. |
Quartile | Position in fourths that a data value holds in the distribution. |
Decile | Position in tenths that a data holds in the distribution. |
Boxplot | A graph drawing a horizontal line from the minimum data value to Q1 drawing a horizontal line from Q3 to the max data value, and drawing a box with vertical sides pass through Q1 and Q3 with a vertical line inside the box passing through the median or Q2. |
Five-Number Summary | The lowest value of the data set, Q1, the median, Q3, and the highest value of the data set. |