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A&Plec2

CU LEC 2: Test 1.

QuestionAnswer
these six things define living things ... DRGRIMM. Differentiation, reproduction, growth, responsiveness, metabolism, movement .
1. Metabolism is the entirety of all chemical processes that occur in the body, including catabolism (the breaking down of molecules) and anabolism (the assembling of molecules).
2. Responsiveness is the ability to detect and respond to changes in the external or internal environment. This life process is largely responsible for maintaining homeostasis explained later in this lecture.
3. Movement includes motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, or even organelles within the cells.
4. Growth refers to an increase in size and complexity, due to an increase in the number of cells, size of cells, or both.
5. Differentiation is the change in a cell from unspecialized to specialized.
6. Reproduction can refer either to the formation of new cells for growth, repair, or replacement, or (more commonly) to the production of a new individual.
C. An autopsy is postmortem examination of the body, including the dissection of its internal organs to confirm or determine the cause of death (Clinical Connection).
A. Homeostasis is a major theme throughout A&P. It is a condition of equilibrium in the body’s internal environment produced by the ceaseless interplay of all the body’s regulatory processes.
1. Homeostatic imbalances occur because of disruptions from the external or internal environments.
2. Homeostasis is regulated by the nervous system and endocrine system, acting together or independently.
a. The nervous system in homeostasis detects changes and sends nerve impulses to counteract the disruption.
b. The endocrine system in homeostasis regulates homeostasis by secreting hormones, which are chemical messengers that are released into the blood.
c. Nerve impulses vs. hormones, speed? nerve impulses (from the nervous system) cause rapid changes, hormones (from the endocrine system) usually work more slowly.
1. A feedback system is a cycle of events in which information about the status of a condition is continually monitored and fed back (reported) to a central control region.
2. Any disruption that changes a controlled condition is called a stimulus.
3. A feedback system consists of three basic components: receptor, control system, and effector
a. A receptor monitors changes in a controlled condition and sends input in the form of nerve impulses or chemical signals to a control center.
b. The control center of a feedback system sets the range of accepted values. It then evaluates the input it receives from the receptors, and generates output commands when they are needed.
c. An effector is a body structure that receives output from the control center and produces a response or effect that changes the controlled condition.
Example of negative feedback homeostasis with BP. stress:stimulus, BP-controlled condition, pressure-sensitive cells-baroreceptors. nerve impulses:imput. brain:control center. Nerve impulses:output. smooth muscle of blood vessels:effectors. relax and dialate:response.
example of positive feedback Childbirth: cervix stretched:stimulus. nerve cells in cervix:receptor. nerve impulses:imput.hypothalmus:controle center. release of oxytocin:output (pituitary gland). smooth muscles of uterus(effectors)to contract more forcefully (response). reinforced
propagation of an action potential aka nerve impulse is an example of a positive feedback loop.
A. Disruption of homeostasis can lead to disease and death.
B. Symptoms are subjective changes in body functions; e.g., headache or nausea
C. Signs are objective changes in body functions; e.g., fever or rash
D. A disorder is any abnormality of structure or function. It is a general term.
E. Disease is a more specific term for an illness characterized by a recognizable set of signs and symptoms.
1. A localized disease is one that affects one part or a limited region of the body: “The infection caused by the cat bite is localized to the hand.”
2. A systemic disease affects either the entire body or several parts: “Because the cat bite was ignored, the patient now has a systemic infection as manifested by her fever, anorexia and generalized malaise.”
F. Diagnosing is the art of distinguishing one disease from another or determining the nature of a disease.
1. A diagnosis is generally determined after taking a medical history and performing a physical examination.
2. Several noninvasive techniques are used clinically to assess certain aspects of body structure and function,they are: inspection, palpation, auscultation,percussion, and checking vital signs.
a. Inspection observing the body for any changes that deviate from normal
b. Palpation feeling body surfaces with the hands
c. Auscultation listening to body sounds, often using a stethoscope
d. Percussion tapping on body surfaces and listening to the resulting echo
e. Taking Vital Signs measuring temperature, pulse, respiratory rate, and blood pressure
B. Body fluids are primarily located within three different areas (or spaces) intracellular, instititional, and intravascular
1. 1st Space where fluid is found: the space inside the cell. This fluid is called intracellular fluid (ICF)
2. 2nd Space where fluid is found: the space in the blood vessels (intravascular space). This fluid is plasma, and it is outside the cell, thus falls in the category of extracellular fluid (ECF)
3. 3rd Space where fluid is found: the space in between cells of tissues. Fluid located here is the interstitial fluid, (sometimes called tissue fluid). This is also an ECF.
4. There are a few additional locations where body fluid can be found. These will lumped together in a miscellaneous category
C. Since ECF is in constant motion throughout the body and also surrounds all body cells, it is often called the body’s internal environment.
Created by: jseekins
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