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Anthropology Test #1
6 Chapters worth of material plus information from Dancing Skeletons
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| MUTATION | Changes in the structure of genes. |
| NATURAL SELECTION | Traits that enhance survival and reproductive success increase in frequency over time. |
| ADAPTATION | Genetic changes that allow an organism to survive and reproduce in a specific environment. |
| GENE FLOW | The process by which genes pass from the gene pool of one population to that of another through mating and reproduction. |
| GENETIC DRIFT | Random processes that affect gene frequencies in small relatively isolated populations. |
| ACCLIMITIZATION | Physiological adjustments to an individual's environment. |
| BERMANN'S RULE | Slender individuals are located in warmer regions and more robust individuals are located in cooler regions |
| ALLEN'S RULE | Limbs are shorter in cooler areas and longer in warmer areas. |
| GLOGER'S RULE | Populations of birds & mammans living in warmer climates have more melanin which causes darker skin/fur/feathers. Protects from harmful effects of the sun. |
| HYPOXIA | Condition of oxygen deficiency which frequently occurs at higher altitudes due to lower barometric pressure. |
| INFLUENCES ON HEIGHT | Heredity, climate, poor nutrition and disease, physical and emotional stress during infancy. |
| SICKLE CELL ANEMIA | Where red blood cells assume a crescent shape when deprived of oxygen. Cause pain, fatigue, and disease. |
| BIOLOGICAL/PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY | The study of humans as biological organisms, dealing with the emergence and evolution of humans and with contemporary biological variations among human populations. |
| CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY | Archaeology, anthropological linguistics, ethnology. |
| ARCHAEOLOGY | Cultural: Focus on material culture of past peoples. Prehistoric, historical, and experimental archaeology. |
| ANTHROPOLOGICAL LINGUISTICS | Cultural: studies language change and aspects of language. |
| ETHNOLOGY | Cultural: the study of how and why recent and contemporary cultures differ and are similar. Understanding of patterns of thought and behavior. |
| THEORETICAL ORIENTATION | A general idea about how phenomena are to be explained |
| CAROLUS LINNAEUS | Classified plants and animals, places humans, apes, and monkeys into the same order (primates) |
| HYPOTHESIS TESTING | Predictions which may be derived from theories about how variables are related. Must be able to disprove through collection of data. |
| TAUTOLOGY | Needless or meaningless repetition in close succession of an idea, statement, or word. |
| THEORIES | Contain a set of statements; can't be proven; generated by single case analysis' or comparative studies. |
| SAMPLING | Who or what you are specifically going to study. |
| STATISTICAL ANALYSIS | Testing relationships among and between variables using statistical tests that provide us with measures that let us accept or reject the hypothesis being tested. |
| GOALS OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH | To reconstruct what happened in the past; to test specific explanations about human evolution and behavior; to understand general trends and patterns in human biological and cultural evolution. |
| ARTIFACTS | Anything made or modified by humans. Examples: ceramics, wood, bone, metal, glass. |
| FOSSILS | An impression of an insect or leaf on a surface that is now stone or the hardened remains of an animal's skeleton. |
| FEATURES | Artifacts of human manufacture that cannot be removed from a site. Examples: hearths, pits, living floors, middens, buildings. |
| ECOFACTS | Natural objects that have been used or affected by humans. Examples: bones of animals, pollen from plants, insects and animals that associate with humans. |
| PRINCIPLES OF NATURAL SELECTION | The process that enhance survival and reproductive success increase in frequency over time. Variation, heritability, differential reproductive success. |
| SOURCES OF VARIABILITY | Genetic recombination, mutation, genetic drift (founder effect), gene flow. |
| SPECIES | A population that consists of organisms able to interbreed and produce fertile and viable offspring. |
| SPECIATION | The development of new species; can occur if a subgroup of a species travels to and adapts to a different environment. Examples: ligers (male lion, female tiger) and tiglons |
| BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION | Variability comes from genetic recombination and mutation |
| CULTURAL EVOLUTION | Variability comes from recombination of learned behaviors and from invention. |
| APPLIED ANTHROPOLOGY | Branch that applies anthropological knowledge to achieve practical goals, usually in the service of an agency outside of a university, etc. |
| CULTURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT | Branch of applied anthropology that seeks to recover and preserve the archaeological record before programs of planned change disturb or destroy it. Examples of disturbance: large scale development projects, historic preservation, state/fed agencies |
| FORENSIC ANTHROPOLOGY | The use of anthro. to solve crimes |
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