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Science of joint structure, function and dysfunction
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Joints Review
Chapter 9 Joints Review Activity
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Joints are also referred to as... | Articulations |
| Science of joint structure, function and dysfunction | Arthrology |
| Study of musculoskeletal movement | Kinesiology |
| Branch of science which deals with a broad variety of movements and mechanical processes in the body, including physics of blood circulation, respiration and hearing | Biomechanics |
| Where the atlas meets the occipital condyles | Atlantooccipital joint |
| Where the glenoid cavity meets the humerus | Glenohumeral joint |
| Where the radius meets the ulna | Radioulnar joint |
| Bony joints, or ___, are immovable joints formed when the gap between two bones ossifies and they become one single bone | Synostoses |
| A fibrous joint, or ___, is a point at which adjacent bones are bound by collagen fibers that emerge from one bone and penetrate into the other | Synarthrosis |
| Immovable or only slightly movable fibrous joints that closely bind the bones of the skull to each other | Sutures |
| Sutures that appear as wavy lines along which the adjoining bones firmly interlock with each other by their serrated margins | Serrate sutures |
| Sutures which occur where two bones have overlapping beveled edges, like a joint in carpentry | Lap sutures |
| Sutures which occur where two bones have straight nonoverlapping edges | Plane sutures |
| Attachment of a tooth to its socket | Gomphosis |
| Holds the tooth firmly in place | Periodontal ligament |
| A ___ is a fibrous joint at which two bones are bound by relatively long collagenous fibers | Syndesmosis |
| Amphiarthrosis | Cartilaginous joint |
| Two b ones joined by fibrocartilage | Symphysis |
| Joint in which bones are bound by hyaline cartilage | Synchondrosis |
| Most familiar type of joint | Synovial |
| Most structurally complex type of joint and the most likely to develop uncomfortable and crippling dysfunctions | Synovial joints |
| Layer of hyaline cartilage usually 2 or 3 mm thick that cover the facing surfaces of the two bones in a synovial joint | Articular cartilage |
| Narrow space within a joint | Joint cavity |
| Slippery lubricant found within diarthroses | Synovial fluid |
| Outer capsule which is continuous with the periosteum of the adjoining bones in a synovial joint | Fibrous capsul |
| Composed of mainly fibroblast-like cells that secrete lubricating fluid | Synovial membrane |
| Pad of articulating cartilage that crosses the entire joint capsule | Articular disc |
| Crescent shape cartilages which adsorb shock and pressure as well as help to guide the bones across each other | Menisci |
| Attaches bone to bone | Ligament |
| Attaches muscle to bone | Tendon |
| Fibrous sac filled with synovial fluid | Bursa |
| Elongated cylindrical bursae wrapped around a tendon | Tendon sheath |
| Portion of a lever from the fulcrum to the point of effort | Effort arm |
| When synovial fluid is warmed by exercise, it becomes ___ and more easily absorbed by the articular cartilage | Thinner |
| Type of exercise that builds bone mass and strengthens the muscles that stabilize the joints | Weight-bearing |
| Function of a ___ is to produce a gain in the speed, distance or force of a motion | Lever |
| Ratio of output force to input force | Mechanical advantage |
| Fulcrum in the middle; example being the atlantooccipital joint of the neck | 1st-class lever |
| Resistance is in the middle of the effort and the fulcrum | 2nd-class lever |
| Effort is applied between the fulcrum and resistance; paddling a canoe | 3rd-class lever |
| Degrees through which a joint can move | Range of Motion |
| The mandible is a ___ when we open the mouth | 2nd-class lever |
| The mandible is a ___ when we close it to bite off a piece of food | 3rd-class lever |
| Passes through the bone in a direction perpendicular to the plan of movement | Axis of rotation |
| Joint which may move through all three degrees of freedom | Multiaxial joint |
| Joint which only has one degree of freedom | Monoaxial Joint |
| Classes of synovial joints: Shoulder and hip joints | Ball-and-socket |
| Classes of synovial joints: Metacarpophalangeal joints | Condylar |
| Classes of synovial joints: Concave in one direction and convex in the other, sitting on top of one another | Saddle Joint |
| Classes of synovial joints: Found between the carpal bones of the wrist | Plane Joint |
| Classes of synovial joints: Elbow and knee joints | Hinge |
| Classes of synovial joints: Monoaxial joints in which a bone spin on it's longitudinal axis | Pivot joints |
| When one is standing in AP, each joint is said to be in its ___ | Zero position |
| Movement that decreases a joint angle | Flexion |
| Movement that straightens a joint | Extension |
| Further extension of a joint beyond the zero position | Hyperextension |
| Movement of a body part in the frontal plane away from the midline of the body | Abduction |
| Movement in the frontal plane back toward the midline | Adduction |
| Standing with ankles crossed, fingers crossed, etc | Hyperadducted |
| Raising the arm high enough to cross slightly over the front or back of your head | Hyperabduct |
| Movement that raises a body part vertically in the frontal plant | Elevation |
| Lowers a body part in the same plane | Depression |
| Anterior movement of a body part | Protraction |
| Posterior movement | Retraction |
| One end of an appendage remains fairly stationary while the other end makes a circular motion | Circumduction |
| Movement of a bone in which it spins on its longitudinal axis | Rotation |
| Forearm movement that turns the palm to face anteriorly or upward | Supination |
| Forearm movement that turns the palm posteriorly or downward | Pronation |
| Movement to the left or right of the zero position as seen in the mandible | Lateral excursion |
| Tilts the hand toward the little finger | Ulnar flexion |
| Means to move the thumb to touch the tip of any of the four fingers | Opposition |
| Movement in which the toes are elevated | Dorsiflexion |
| Foot movement that tips the soles medially | Inversion |
| To bend backward at the waist involves ___ of the vertebral column | Hyperextension |
| Internal and external rotation of the humerus are made possible by a ___ joint | Ball-and-Socket |
| Least moveable joint | Synostosis |
| Which joint has anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments? | Knee |
| In an adult, the ischium and pubis are united by a ___. | Symphysis |
| Science of movement | Biomechanics |
| A ___ synovial joint allows one bone to swivel on another | Pivot |
| Synchondroses contain what kind of cartilage? | Hyaline |
| Symphyses contain what kind of cartilage? | Fibrocartilage |
| The interosseous membranes betwween the ulna and radius as well as the tibia and fibula are examples of what type of joints? | Fibrous |
| The knuckles of the fingers are ___ synovial joints | Condylar |
| The knuckles of the fingers are ___ joints | Synovial |
| The menisci of the knee are functionally similar to the ___ of the TMJ | Articular disc |
| T or F: A doctor who treats arthritis is called a kinesiologist | F |
| T or F: More people get rheumatoid arthritis than osteoarthritis | F |
| T or F: Reaching behind you to take something out of your hip pocket involves hyperextension of the shoulder | T |
| T or F: Synovial fluid is secreted by the bursae | F |
| T or F: The Achilles tendon extends from the calf muscles to the talus | F |
| T or F:The anterior cruciate ligament prevents hyperextension of the knee | T |
| T or F: The femur is held tightly in the acetabulum mainly by the round ligament | F |
| T or F: There is no meniscus in the elbow joint | T |
| T or F: Unlike most ligaments, the periodontal ligaments do not attach one bone to another | T |
| Adjacent bones slide over each other and have relatively limited movement | Plane joint |
| Bone spins on its longitudinal axis | Pivot joint |
| Carpal bones of the wrist | Plane joint |
| Concave in one direction and convex in the other | Saddle joint |
| Flat or only slightly concave/convex surfaces | Plane joint |
| Metacarpophalanageal joints | Condylar joint |
| Oval convex surface fits into a complementary shaped depression | Condylar joint |
| Sternoclavicular joint | Saddle joint |
| Trochlear notch of the ulna and trochlea of the humerus | Hinge joint |
| Range of motion gives us and other primates the opposable thumb | Saddle joint |
| Broad term for pain and inflammation of a joint | Arthritis |
| Doctor specializing in the joints - function/dysfunction | Arthrologist |
| The vertebrae and the intervertebral discs are what type of cartilaginous joint? | Symphysis |
| The ___ does not actually articulate with the femur in the knee joint | Fibula |
| A person ___ their arm if they raise it high enough to cross slightly over the front or back of the head | Hyperabducts |
| Connective tissue that encloses a synovial cavity and retains the fluid | Joint capsule |
| Most commonly dislocated joint in the body | Shoulder |
| Articulations between the tibia and fibula with the talus | Talocrural joint |
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