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Government - E1 - P2
Government - Exam 1 - Part 2 - Chapter 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| A constitutional arrangement whereby power is divided between national and subnational governments, each of which enforces its own laws directly on its citizens and neither of which can alter the arrangement without the consent of the other | Federalism |
| Constitutional arrangement whereby authority rests with the national government, subnational government have only those powers given to them by the national government | Unitary system |
| Constitutional agreement whereby the national government is created by and relies on subnational governments for authority | Confederation |
| Power of local government to pass laws affecting local affairs, so long as those laws do not conflict with state or federal laws | Home Rule |
| Network of political, financial, and administrative relationships between units of the federal government and those of state and local government | Intergovernmental relations |
| A reference to the ability of states to experiment and innovate in public policy | Laboratories of Democracy |
| Powers specifically mentioned in the Constitution as belonging to the national government | Delegated or enumerated powers |
| Clause in Article I, Section 8, of the US Constitution | Necessary and Proper Clause |
| The Necessary and Proper Clause is also known as the ______. | Implied Powers Clause |
| Powers not mentioned specifically in the Constitution as belonging to Congress but inferred as necessary and proper for carrying out the enumerated powers | Implied Powers |
| Clause in Article VI of the US Constitution declaring the constitution and laws of the national government “the supreme law of the land” superior to the constitutions and laws of the states | National Supremacy Clause |
| - Powers executed by both the national government and state governments in the American federal system | Concurrent powers |
| Powers not granted to the national government or specifically denied to the states in the Constitution that are recognized by the 10th Amendment as belonging to the state governments. | Reserved Powers |
| Early concept of federalism in which national and state powers were clearly distinguished and functionally separate | Dual federalism |
| Model of federalism in which national, state, and local governments work together exercising common policy responsibilities | Cooperative federalism |
| Model of federalism in which the national government assumes primary responsibility for determining national goals in all major policy areas and directs the state and local government activity through conditions attached to money grants | Centralized federalism |
| Attempts to return power and responsibility to the states and reduce the role of the national government in domestic affairs | New federalism |
| Assertion that no constitutional division of powers exists between the nation and the states but the states retain their constitutional role merely by selecting the president and members of Congress | Representational federalism |
| Decisions are made directly by the people, usually by popular initiative and referenda voting, as opposed to decisions made by elected representatives | Direct Democracy |
| Allows a specified number or percentage of voters by use of a petition to place a state constitutional amendment or a state law on the ballot for adoption or rejection by the state electorate | Initiative |
| proposed laws or constitutional amendments submitted to the voters for their direct approval or rejection, found in state constitutions, but not in the US Constitution | Referenda |
| An election to allow voters to decide whether or not to remove an elected official before his or her term expires | Recall |
| Payment of funds from the national government to state or local governments or from a state government to local governments for a specified purpose | Grant-in-aid |
| Federal grants to a state or local government for specific purposes or projects; may be allocated by formulas or by projects | Categorical grants |
| Federal grants to state or local governments for general government functions allowing greater flexibility in the use of money | Block grants |
| Passing down of responsibilities from the national government to the states | Devolution |
| A term referring to direct federal orders (Mandates) to state and local governments to perform a service or conform to federal law in the performance of a function | Coercive federalism |
| Total or partial federal assumption of power in a particular field, restricting the authority of the states | Preemption |
| Federal government’s assumption of all regulatory powers in a particular field | Total preemption |
| Federal government’s assumption of some regulatory powers in a particular field, with the stipulation that a state law on the same subject as a federal law is valid if it does not conflict with the federal law in the same area | Partial preemption |
| Form of partial preemption in which the states are permitted to regulate activities already regulated by the federal government if the state regulatory standards are at least as stringent as the federal government’s | Standard partial preemption |
| direct federal orders to state and local governments requiring them to perform a service or to obey federal laws in the performance of their functions | Mandates |
| Mandates that impose costs on state and local governments (and private industry) without reimbursement from the federal government | Unfunded mandates |
| What is the term for powers explicitly given to the Congress? | Delegated or enumerated |
| State powers are _______ powers. | reserved |
| What age of federalism occurred from 1787-1868? | state-centered federalism |
| What age of federalism occurred from 1868-1913? | Dual Federalism |
| What age of federalism occurred from 1913-1964? | Cooperative Federalism |
| What age of federalism occurred from 1964-1980? | Centralized Federalism |
| President Lyndon B. Johnson started the ______ program in 1964 with national goals during the Centralized Federalism era. | Great Society |
| What age of federalism occurred from 1980-1985? | New Federalism |
| What age of federalism occurred from 1985-1995? | Representational Federalism |
| In the original constitution voter qualifications were ______. | left up to the states |
| What amendment eliminated slavery in the states? | 13th |
| What amendment extended the Bill of Rights to the states (ratified 1868)? | 14th |
| What court case asserted Judicial Review expanding federal court authority? | Marbury v. Madison (1803) |
| What amendment prevented the states from denying the vote on the basis of race, color, or previous enslavement? | 15th |
| What amendment instituted a federal income tax? | 16th (1913) |
| What amendment established direct election of Senators by popular vote? | 17th |
| What court case stated a broad interpretation of the Necessary and Proper Clause? | McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) |
| What court case ruled that the federal government could not enforce the Gun-Free School Zone Act of 1990? | US v. Lopez (1995) |
| What court case shielded states from lawsuits from private parties that seek to force states to comply with federal laws enacted under the commerce clause? | Seminole Tribe v. Florida (1996) |
| What court case stated that states are shielded in their own courts against lawsuits by third parties seeking to enforce federal mandates? | Alden v. Maine (1999) |
| What court case invalidated a federal law commanding law enforcement officers to conduct background checks on gun purchasers? (Brady Handgun Violence Protection Act) | Prinz v. U.S. (1997) |
| What court case ruled that congress invaded the reserved police powers of the state in the Violence against Women Act? | US v. Morrison (2000) |
| What court case held that the power to regulate interstate commerce was granted to Congress by the Commerce Clause? | Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) |
| What was the first case to assert ultimate Supreme Court authority over state courts in matters of federal law? | Martin v. Hunter's Lessee (1816) |
| What court case upheld the constitutionality of state laws requiring racial segregation in public facilities under the doctrine of "separate but equal"? | Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) |
| What court case declared that state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students unconstitutional? | Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954) |
| What court case ruled that a right to privacy under the due process clause in the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution extends to a woman's decision to have an abortion? | Roe v. Wade (1973) |
| What court case decided that redistricting (attempts to change the way voting districts are delineated) issues present justiciable questions, thus enabling federal courts to intervene in and to decide reapportionment cases? | Baker v. Carr (1962) |
| What court case held that Congress has the power under the Commerce Clause of the Constitution to extend the Fair Labor Standards Act, which requires that employers provide minimum wage and overtime pay to their employees, to state and local governments? | Garcia v. San Antonio Metropolitan Transit Authority (1985) |
| Another name for the elastic clause is the ______. | Necessary and Proper Clause |
| The number of Supreme Court justices is set by ______. | congress |
| Originally, Federalists argued the Bill of Rights was left out of the Constitution because ______. | the national government was one of enumerated powers only |
| Who were the authors of the Federalist Papers? | James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay |
| An amendment is proposed either by the Congress with a ______ majority vote in both the House of Representatives and the Senate or by a constitutional convention called for by ______ of the State legislatures. | 2/3rds, 2/3rds |
| An amendment must ratified by ____ of state legislatures or by state ratifying conventions. | 3/4ths |
| Today, the central role and authority of providing meaning to the Constitution is held by _____. | the judicial branch |
| According to the Constitution, who has the authority to create and set the jurisdiction of federal courts other than the Supreme Court? | congress |
| What term best describes a grant which is for a general government function, such as law enforcement or health? | block |
| What term best describes a grant in which the project (with a specific narrow purpose. must be approved by the administrative federal agency and state and local governments compete by application for funds? | categorical |
| During which era of American Federalism did the national government have its own goals and that virtually all problems confronting American society were declared to be national problems? | Centralized Federalism 1964-1980 |
| Beginning the _____ era of Federalism, the Supreme Court decision in Garcia v. San Antonio Metropolitan Transit Authority decision seemed to remove all barriers to direct congressional legislation in matters traditionally reserved to the states. | Representational Federalism 1985-1995 |
| Which era in the evolution of federalism defines “federalism” as the role of the states in electing members of Congress and the president, not by any constitutional division of powers? | Representation Federalism 1985-1995 |
| During the early years of the New Deal, the Supreme Court rulings found most New Deal legislation ______. | unconstitutional |
| List the "areas for 3/4ths of federal aid expenditures" | welfare, health (2/3rds), education |
| What is the importance of The Tenth Amendment? | provides that powers not granted to the federal government nor prohibited to the States by the Constitution are reserved to the States |
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