Where is energy stored?

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Biology nutrition

Question	Answer
Long chains of sugar is what this is	glucose
this consists of a glycerol molecule joined with three fatty acid molecules via dehydration reactions.	fat
the major portion of a fatty acid is a long _____________ that stores a lot of energy.	hydrocarbon
nucleotide bonded together are these	nucleic acids
nuc-nuc-nuc-nuc is this	polymer
Nucleic acids made from monomers are called ___	nucleotide
An organic monomer consisting of a 5-carbon sugar bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group	nucleotide
a pentose sugar, CHO, that is a basic component of RNA	RNA
this is a long chain of nucleotides with nigrogen bases in the middle	DNA
_______is a type of complex acid, called a nucleic acid, made of a repeating pattern of simple building blocks called nucleotides.	DNA
Each _______ consists of a phosphate (PO4), a sugar (deoxyribose), and a base which is either adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), or cytosine (C).	nucleotide
dehydration reactions remove the __________so that monomers can combine to form polymer chains.	hydrogen
when the hydrogen is removed bonds form between the existing monomers causing them to form __________.	polymers
this is primarily a polysaccharide __________	starch
Where is energy stored?	in all bonds, but primarily between two phosphates.
Energy is stored in the _______ _________ between the phosphates, with the greatest amount of energy in the bond between the second and third phosphate groups.	covalent bonds
When the third phosphate group of ATP is removed by hydrolysis, a substantial amount of _________ _________ is released.	free energy
The complete breakdown of glucose in the presence of oxygen is called ______ _________	cellular respiration.
Oxidation of molecules liberates electrons for an electron transport chain. ATP is generated by oxidative phosphoylation	Cellular Respiration
dehydration synthesis	process of taking 2 things pulling water out and bonding together
hydrolysis	takes 2 thing breaks it apart and puts water back in
the mitochondria is the pathway to completely oxidize fuel molecules which mostly is acetyl CoA ,the product from the oxidative decarboxylation of this:	pyruvate
When entered into the cycle, there are ten steps of reactions that yield ______and _____.	energy/CO2
Once the pyruvic acid is inside, carbon dioxide is enzymatically removed from each ______-______ pyruvic acid molecule to form acetic acid.	three-carbon
Cellular respiration allows organisms to use (release) energy stored in the chemical bonds of ____________.	glucose
Cellular respiration is therefore a process in which the energy in glucose is ______to ATP.	transferred
In respiration, glucose is ______and releases energy.	oxidized
The carbon atoms of the sugar molecule are released as ___________	carbon dioxide (CO2).
The complete breakdown of glucose to carbon dioxide and water requires two major steps:	1) glycolysis and 2) aerobic respiration
In the absence of oxygen, fermentation reactions produce ______ or _________but no additional ATP.	alcohol or lactic acid
The electron transport system consists of a series of carrier molecules which pass ______ from a high-energy compound to a final low-energy electron acceptor.	electrons
When a carrier reduces another, some of the energy that is released as a result of that reduction is used to pump hydrogen ions across the membrane into the ____________ space.	intermembrane
As a result of the electron transport system, hydrogen ions become _____________ in the intermembrane space.	concentrated
The enzyme ATP synthase is able to use the energy of this osmotic gradient to produce ATP as the hydrogen ions move under _________ pressure through the enzyme back into the matrix of the mitochondrion.	osmotic
________ is the final electron acceptor.	Oxygen
The low-energy electrons that emerge from the electron transport system are taken up by this:	O2.
The negatively charged oxygen molecules take up protons from the medium and form this:	water
Although glycolysis does not require oxygen, it does require ________ .	NAD+
Cells without oxygen available need to regenerate ______ from NADH so that in the absence of oxygen, at least some ATP can be made by glycolysis.	NAD+
To regenerate NAD+ from NADH, the electrons from NADH are added to ______ to produce alcohol (plants, yeast) or lactate (animals, bacteria).	pyruvate
Fermentation is needed to regenerate NAD+ from NADH so that at least some ATP can be made in __________.	glycolysis.
Electrons from NADH are added to pyruvate (reduction) to produce ________ (plants, yeast) or lactate (animals, bacteria)	alcohol
Aerobic respiration occurs when ____ is available.	oxygen
NAD+ and FAD carry __________ to the electron transport system.	electrons
What does light dependent mean?	first stage of photosynthesis, process which plants capture/store energy from sunlight.
Light energy is converted into chemical energy, in the form of the energy-carrying molecules ______ and _____ .	ATP /NADPH (only at day)
This involves the reduction of carbon dioxide using reduced NADP and ATP produced in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis.	Light independent reactions. (only at night)
chemical that starts the pre-Krebs cycle forming acetyl-CoA	pyruvic acid
high energy compound that carries electrons to be used later (two formed during the full Krebs cycle); contains less energy than the other high energy compound NADH	FADH2
A catabolic process that makes a limited amount of ATP from glucose without an electron transport chain and that produces a characteristic end product (ex. ethyl alcohol & lactic acid)	fermentation
What is the key energy storing molecule?	glucose
What are the four stages of respiration?	Glycolysis, Pyruvate Oxidation, Krebs Cycle, Oxidative Phosphorylation
Doesn't Use Oxygen, 2 ATPS only coming from common stage glycolysis, produces lactic acid	Fermentation
What does fermentation do?	Regenerate NAD+
There are two main stages in glycolysis, they are	phosphorylation and oxydation
In phosphorylation, _____ is added and the glucose splits into two molecules of triose phosphate.	water
In ________, the triose phosphate molecules lose two H+ ions each.	oxydation
In photosynthesis, ATP and NADPH are both ____ and _______.	made and used
The Calvin Cycle happens in the stroma of the __________.	chloroplast
Co2 goes in 02 goes out	light independent photosynthesis
The Transition Reaction converts the two molecules of the 3-carbon pyruvate from glycolysis into	two molecules of the 2-carbon molecule acetyl Coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA).
Which process produces both NADH and FADH2?	fermentation
Which of the following are products of the light reactions of photosynthesis that are utilized in the Calvin cycle?	ATP and NADPH
When oxygen is released as a result of photosynthesis, it is a by-product of which of the following?	splitting the water molecules
What are the products of linear photophosphorylation?	ATP and NADPH
Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between photosynthesis and respiration?	Photosynthesis stores energy in complex organic molecules, while respiration releases it.
Where are the molecules of the electron transport chain found in plant cells?	thylakoid membranes ofchloroplasts
Synthesis of ATP by the chemiosmotic mechanism occurs during	both photosynthesis and respiration.
Reduction of oxygen which forms water occurs during	respiration
Reduction of NADP+occurs during	photosynthesis.
The splitting of carbon dioxide to form oxygen gas and carbon compounds occurs during	neither photosynthesis nor respiration.
Generation of proton gradients across membranes occurs during	both photosynthesis and respiration.
In thylakoids, protons travel through ATP synthase from the stroma to the thylakoid space. Therefore the catalytic "knobs" of ATP synthase would be located	on the stroma side ofthe membrane.
Which of the following statements best represents the relationships between the light reactions and the Calvin cycle?	The light reactions provide ATP and NADPH to the Calvin cycle, and the cycle returns ADP, Pi, and NADP+to the light reactions.
Where dothe enzymatic reactions of the Calvin cycle take place?	stroma of the chloroplast
What is the primary function of the Calvin cycle?	synthesize simple sugars fromcarbon dioxide
Produces molecular oxygen (O2) light reactions alone T or F	T
the Calvin cycle alone Requires ATP T or F	T
neither the light reactions nor the Calvin cycle Produces NADH T or F	T
light reactions alone Produces NADPH T or F	T
the Calvin cycle alone Produces three-carbon sugars T or F	T
the Calvin cycle alone Requires CO2 T or F	T
The Calvin Cycle Requires ATP T or F	T
The pH of the inner thylakoid space has been measured, as havethe pH of the stroma and of the cytosol of a particular plant cell. Which, if any, relationship would you expect to find?	The pH within the thylakoid is less than that of the stroma.
Photorespiration lowers the efficiency of photosynthesis by preventing the formation of	3-phosphoglycerate molecules
The light reactions of photosynthesis supply the Calvin cycle with	ATP and NADPH
Which of the following sequences correctly represents the flow of electrons during photosynthesis?	H2O NADPH Calvin cycle
In mechanism, photophosphorylation is most similar to	oxidative phosphorylation in cellular respiration.
Which process is most directly driven by light energy?	removal of electrons from chlorophyll molecules
Which of the following does not occur during the Calvin cycle?	release of oxygen
During oxidation, energy is released and a phosphate group is added to what molecule in order to create ATP?	ADP (adenosine diphosphate)
Which carboxylic acid is produced as a product of the first reaction of the Krebs cycle?	citrate
In prokaryotes, where does the oxidation of NADH occur within the cell?	in the plasma membrane
The electron transport chain consists of a series of what type of reactions?	reduction-oxidation reactions
Aerobic respiration relies on what element as an electron acceptor?	oxygen
Which type of fermentation occurs in yeast?	alcohol fermentation
Which type of fermentation occurs in humans?	lactic acid fermentation
When fermentation occurs, which molecule accepts electrons from NADH in the place of oxygen?	pyruvate (or a derivation of pyruvate)
Which process is more efficient for energy production: fermentation or cellular respiration?	cellular respiration
What is the difference between catabolic and anabolic pathways?	Catabolic pathways involve the breaking down of molecules to produce ATP. -Anabolic pathways involve creating larger molecules from smaller molecules.
True or false: The electron transport chain continues to function during fermentation.	F cannot function during fermentation
When glucose is found in excess, into what is it converted?	glycogen
What is the product of a light-dependent photosynthesis reaction?	NADPH or ATP
What comes out of a light-independent photosynthesis reaction?	sugar
True or false: The light-independent and light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis occur at separate times.	False; they occur simultaneously.
Inside chloroplasts, grana are interconnected stacks made up of what structures?	thylakoids
Which of the following statements is true about enzyme-catalyzed reactions?	The reaction is faster than the same reaction in the absence of the enzyme.
Where are the proteins of the electron transport chain located?	mitochondrial inner membrane
Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between photosynthesis and respiration?	Photosynthesis stores energy in complex organic molecules, whereas respiration releases it.
The splitting of carbon dioxide to form oxygen gas and carbon compounds occurs during	neither photosynthesis nor respiration.
The reactions that produce molecular oxygen (O2) take place in	the light reactions alone.
Glucose, a six carbon sugar, is split into two molecules of a	three carbon sugar
In the process, two molecules of ATP, two molecules of pyruvic acid and two "high energy" electron carrying molecules of	NADH are produced
The Citric Acid Cycle or Krebs Cycle begins after the two molecules of the three carbon sugar produced in glycolysis are	converted to a slightly different compound (acetyl CoA)
The compounds, known as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), are	reduced in the process
NAD and FAD in reduced forms carry the "high energy" electrons to	the next stage
The Citric Acid Cycle occurs only when oxygen	is present but it doesn't use oxygen directly
Electron Transport requires	oxygen directly
The electron transport "chain" is a series of electron carriers in the membrane of the	mitochondria in eukaryotic cells
Through a series of reactions, the "high energy" electrons are passed to	oxygen
In the process, a gradient is formed, and ultimately	ATP is produced
Most of the energy harvested from organic molecules during glycolysis and the citric acid cycle is stored in	NADH and FADH2
NADH and FADH2 give up their high energy in the third phase of cellular respiration________ _________	oxydidative phosphorylation, where most ATP fuel is produced.
The electron transport chain is an array of molecules, mostly proteins, built into the _________ ___________ of the mitochondria.	inter membrane
NADH gets rid of its high-energy ________ to the first complex in the transport chain	electrons
Electrons move from one member of the chain to the next, giving up their energy as they are pulled from NADH toward highly electric negative _________.	oxygen
The energy given up by the flow of electrons is used to pump hydrogen ions from the mitochondrial matrix into the ______ _________ space.	intermembrane space
Oxygen captures the electrons in the _________ ______ step in the electron transport.	very last
The last complex adds a pair of electrons to an oxygen atom and two hydrogen atoms to form _________.	water
The electric transport chain has used the energy of moving electrons to pump ______ ions in the intermembrane space .	hydrogen
The buildup of hydrogen ions is like a dam. It stores the potential energy that was originally in the bonds of __________ molecules.	glucose
The backed up hydrogen ions give up their energy when they diffuse through a special protein in the membrane called ____ synthase.	ATP
As hydrogen ions flow down their __________ gradient, ATP synthase captures their energy to make ATP.	concentration
This mode of ATP production is called _________ _________ because it is powered by the transfer of electrons to oxygen.	oxidative phosphorylation
Under normal conditions, almost all the ATP produced in the process of cellular respiration is powered by __________ __________ and oxidative phosphorylation.	electron transport
About 34 ATPs for every every _________ consumed.	glucose
Gylcolysis and the Citric Acid cycle produce small amounts of ATP via _____-_______ phosyphorylation	sub-strate
Most of the cells ATP is made via ___________ phosphorylation	oxidative
When NADH and FADH2 produced in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle give up to oxygen the electrons obtained from ___________ __________.	organic molecules.
The primary objective of glycolysis is to produce _________.	pyruvate
Gylcolysis produces a small and limited amount of ATP without _______.	oxygen (hence the name anerobic)
Without oxygen pyruvate turns into _____ acid-	lactic
Yeast converts pyruvate into ________.	Ethanol
The light _________reaction happens when solar energy is captured to make a molecule called ATP (adenosine triphosphate).	dependent
The dark reaction happens when the ATP is used to make ________(the Calvin Cycle).	glucose
The light ________ reactions produce carbohydrates by using ATP and NADPH that was formed from the light-dependent reactions.	independent
Which of the following is NOT a part of an ATP molecule? a. adenine b. ribose c. chlorophyll d. phosphate	c chlorophyll
Energy is released from ATP when	a phosphate group is removed.
Photosynthesis uses sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into	oxygen and high-energy sugars.
Plants gather the sun’s energy with light-absorbing molecules called	pigments.
Which step is the beginning of photosynthesis?	Pigments in photosystem II absorb light.
How does the Calvin cycle differ from the light-dependent reactions?	It takes place in the stroma.
If carbon dioxide is removed from a plant’s environment, what would you expect to happen to the plant’s production of high-energy sugars?	Fewer sugars will be produced.
Photosynthesis requires light, water, carbon dioxide, and	chlorophyll
The electrons that chlorophyll loses to the electron transport chain are replenished by ____________________ molecules.	water
The light-dependent reactions take place inside the chloroplasts in stacks of ____ called	thylakoids/grana
Light from the _____ is absorbed by plant pigments such as	sun/chlorophyll
The enegy from sunlight is used to split molecules of	water
The gas ______ produced and returned to the atmosphere	oxygen
The remaining H+ ions and _____(e-'s) are used to recharge the ____carrying molecules needed for the light-independent reactions:	electrons/energy
ADP is recharged to become	ATP
NADP+ is recharged to become	NADPH
The light-independent phase is sometimes called the "_____" phase because it does not rely directly upon sunlight	dark
The light independent reactions take place in the fluid of the chloroplast called the ______	stroma
The energy carrying molecules ATP and NADPH, which were recharged in the light dependent reactions, are used to incorporate the gas _____ into molecules that make the sugar called _______	carbon dioxide/glucose
This sugar has the formula______. This set of reactions, powered by ATP and NADPH, is collectively called the _____ cycle.	CHO, calvin cycle
Oxidative phosphorylation is to respiration is to _________ is to photosynthesis	the electron transport chain
During which cellular process is ATP released?	krebs cycle of cellular respiration and glycolosis

Created by: evykas70

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