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anatomically the respiratory system consists of?
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functionally the respiratory syst can be dividedinto?
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respiratory system
anatomy final respiratory system
| question | answer |
|---|---|
| anatomically the respiratory system consists of? | upper resp tract and lower resp tract |
| functionally the respiratory syst can be dividedinto? | conducting portion, respiratory portion |
| conducting portion | transports air |
| respiratory portion of repiratory system | is where gas exchange with blood takes place |
| conducting portion includes | nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, progressively smaller airways (rom primary bronchi to terminal bronchioles |
| respiratory portion is composed of | small airways called respirat bronchioles and alveolar ducts as well as air sacs called alveoli |
| the primary ffunction of resp system is | breathing also called pulmonary bentilation |
| two cyclic phases of breathing | inhalation/inspiration (draw gas into lungs) and exhalation/expiration (exhalation forces gases out of the lungs |
| respiration cycle | o2 drawn in (inhalation), o2 transported to body cells form lungs, cells use o2 and generate CO2, blood transports CO2 from cells to lungs, CO2 is added to atmosphere during exhalation |
| functions of resp system? | gas exchange, condition gases, produce sound (speech), sense of smell, protects body against airborne infection |
| inhale by __ pressure | negative |
| exhale by ___ pressure | positive |
| inspiration | inhalation |
| expiration | exhalation |
| the inhaled air is conditioned meaning? | prior to reaching tiny air sacs of lungs, the gases are warmed, humidified and cleansed of particulate matter through contact with the resp epithelium |
| when air is forced out of resp tract we produce ___ | sound |
| what cont to sound production | nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, teeth lips tongue |
| crqanial nerve 1 (_____) relies upon _____ in upper nasal mucous membranes | olfactory nerve, chemoreceptors |
| ridges in nose | nasal conchae, nasal turbinates, ethmoidal projections, projections of facial bones |
| the structure of the resp system protects the body by? | trapping foreign debris in mucus and destroying microbes with lysozyme |
| lysozyme | enzyme that destroys microbial cell walls |
| cystic fibrosis | most common genetically inherited fatal disease, because of one defect in a transport protein on mucus membrane |
| the conditioning of air when inhaled is facilitated by | twisted pathways through teh nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses, cause inhaled air to becom very turbulent during inhalation |
| chemoreceptors detect | inhaled molecules that dissolvein the mucus overlying othe olfactory epithelium |
| describe the structure of the respiratory system that help protect body against airborns infection? | entrance to nose is lined with coarse hairs, twisted passageways trap insects and microbes, numerous mucus-produceing cells found in the epith that produce mucus and lysozyme |
| mucus traps | inhaled dust, microbes, insects and pollen |
| defensive mucus production can increase when? | large quantities of irritating materials enter |
| upper resp tract is composed of? | nose and nasal cavity, paranasal sinus, pharynx (throat) |
| the _____ is the main conducting airway for inhaled air. | nose |
| nose is supported superiorly by? | nasal bones that form bridge of the nose |
| anterioinferiorly fromthe bridge of nose is? | cartilaginous portion of the nose |
| ____ open on the inferior surface of the nose? | paired nostrils (external nares) |
| internal surface of the nose leads to the ____ | nasal cavity |
| the nasal cavity is continuous posteriorly with teh | nasopharynx via paired openings called internal nares |
| roof of nasal cavity is formed by | frontal bone, nasal bones, cribriform plate, spphenoid bone |
| floor of the nasal cavity is formed by? | horizontal plate of maxillae, horizontal portions of palatine bones |
| anterior region of nasal cavity ic called | vestibule |
| near the vestibule are coarse hairs, called? | vibrissae, help trap large particles |
| nasal cavity is lined with? | ciliated epithelium and covered with mkucus taht moves dust and debris post towards the nasopharynx |
| most superior portion of nasal cavity cont? | olfactory epithelium (numerous chemorecep) |
| nasal septum | divides nasal cavity into l and r portions, formed anterioly by septal cartilage, perpendicular plate (superior portion), vomer bone (post portion) |
| lateral walls of nasal cavity are formed primarily by | conchae (turbinates - b/c create turbulence in inhaled air) |
| turbulence ensures? | that air remains in the nasal cavity for a longer time, so that the air becomes warmed and humidified |
| nasolacrimal ducts empty | just inferior to the inferior nasal conchae |
| nasl cavity functions? | filtration, conditioning, olfaction, RESONATING CHAMBER contributes to sound production |
| paranasal sinuses decrease | skull bone weight |
| all sinuses communicate with the nasal cavity by ducts and are lined by? | ciliated epithelium with overlying mucus |
| paranasal sinuses | frontal, ethmoidal, sphenoidal, maxillary |
| pharynx | throat, common space used by both resp and digest systems |
| shape of pharynx | funnel-shaped, slightly wider superiorly and narrower inferiorly |
| pharynx originates________ and extends inferiorly ______ | posterior to the nasal and oral cavities, to teh level of teh vifuracation of the larynx and esophagus |
| cockroach walks into the nose of a person what is he going to see on the ceiling of the nasal cavity? | roof of nose bones |
| for most of its length the pharynx is a? | common pathway for both inhaled and exhaled air adn for ingested food |
| pharynx is lined by? | mucosa and contain skeletal muscles taht are primarily used for swallosing |
| three regions of pharynx | nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx |
| what facial bone contributes to nasal septum | vomer (ethmoid is a cranial bone) |
| nasopharynx separates the nasal cavity fromt eh | posterior part of the oral cavity |
| normall only ____ passes through the nasopharynx | air |
| food and drink are blocked from entering the nasopharynx by elevation of? | soft palate and uvula |
| what connect the nasopharynx to the middle ear so air pressure can be equalized behind the ear drum? | in the lateral walls of the nasopharynx, paired auditory (eustachian) tubes connect the nasopharynx |
| the posterior nasopharynx wall houses a singel? | pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids) |
| adenoids | pharyngeal tonsil |
| middle pharyngeal region | oropharynx (poster to the oral cavity) |
| oropharynx is bounded superiorly by ______ and inferiorly by ______ | soft palate, hyoid bone |
| what cranial bone cont to sup and middle nasal ? | sup and nasal conchae of ethmoid |
| what is the function of oropharynx | common resp and digest pathway throguh widh both air and swallowed food and drink pass |
| the epithelium of oropharynx contains? | no CILIA, strong to withstand the abrasion of swallowed food |
| what is the name of the pair of paranasal sinuses that are not in a cranial bone? | maxillary sinuses |
| each sinus drains into? | paranasal cavity |
| which sinus is the wost drainage? | maxillary sinus, high and medial drainage |
| lymphatic organs in the oropharynx function? | provid first line of defense against ingetsted or inhaled foreign material |
| name the lymphatic organsin the oropharynx | palatine tonsisl (lateral wall), lingual tonsils (base of tongue) |
| inferior narrowed region of pharynx | in the laryngopharynx (this is where large food gets stuck) |
| where does the laryngopharynx terminate | at the superior border of the esophagus |
| laryngopharynx is lined with? | strong epith with NO CILIA since in PERMITS PASSAGE OF BOTH FOOD AND AIR |
| most common way infection get into middle ear? | travel up eustacian tube from nasopharynx |
| _____ rises upward with teh _____ during swallowing | uvual (post portion of soft palate, soft palate, (block food or liquids from entering nasopharynx |
| the ___ are tne massees of lymphatic tissue you see at the back of the oropharynx while the _____ are not apparent and are located int he nasopharynx | palatine tonsils, pharyngeal tonsils |
| lower resp tract is made up of | conduction airways as well as the srepiratiory portion of resp system |
| larynx | voice box |
| name all the structures the snake in contact | ant nares, septal cartilate, flood of nasal cavity, vest, inf nasal conchae, pose nares, uvula soft palate, tongue, teeth, come out past mobile labia out buccal cavity |
| describe the larynx | short, cylindrical airway |
| larynx is bound superiorly by the ____ and posterioly by the ____ nad inferiorly by the _____. | laryngopharyns, esophagus, trachea |
| superior aspect of larynx is lined with? | strat squanmous epith |
| inferior to the vocal cords,the larynx lining becomes a ? | ciliated epithelium |
| functions of laryns | prevents swallows materials formentering lower resp tract, conduc air into the lower resp tract, produces sounds |
| larynx is supported by | framework of nine piece sof cartilage that are held in place by liganaments and muscles |
| the voice box is shapedmore like a ? | shield, |
| prominence of thyroid cartilage | adams apple (secondary sexually characteristic of males) |
| bellow thyroid cartilage | cricoid cartilag |
| describe cricoid cartilage | is a complete ring (unusual) |
| what is located behind the larynx | the esophagus |
| largest cartilage of larynx is the | thyroid cartilage |
| thyroid cartilage forms the _____ walls of hte larynx | only the anterior and lateral |
| the thyroid cartilage has no? | posterior component and if formed from hylanine cartilage |
| laryngeal prominence | adam's apple (v-shaped anterior projection of the thyroid |
| overall growth of the thyroid cartilage is stimulated by the ? | testosterone; htus, adam's apple is usually prominent and larger in males (longer vocal cords also, hence deeper voice of males) |
| cricoid cartilage forms the | inferior base of the larynx and connects to the trachea inferiorly |
| cricoid cartilage is composed of? | hylaine cartilage |
| cricothyroid ligament | attaches the cricoid cart to the inderior edge of the thyroid cartilage |
| where is the cricothyroid ligament? | 4 fingers width above the sternal notch |
| cricothyrotomy | emergency airway, sometimes opened in the larynx by making an incision throug hte cricothyroid ligament |
| incisions of cricothyrotomy | vertical incision made just through the skin followed by a horizontal incision made through the cricothyroid lig to allow air to enter the lower resp tract |
| epiglottis is formed primarily of? | elastic cartilage |
| what is cut in a cricothyrotomy (or cric) | cricothyroid ligament |
| the epig projects sukperiorly into the? | pharynx from its attch to the thyroid cartilage |
| when a person swallows, the epiglottis closes ove rht eh? | laryngeal opening, preventing materials from entering the larynx |
| during swallowint he the larynx ____ and moves forward while the epiglottis is bent _____ to cover the underlying glottis | elevates, backwards |
| after swallowing, the larynx moves ____ and the ep[iglottis returns to its orig superior position | inferiorly |
| cartilaginous sponn shaped strux? | epiglottis |
| laryngoscope | L-shaped endoscope used for visualizing the larynx |
| two pairs of strong connective tissue bands stretched across the upper opening of hte larynx? | vestibular ligaments, vocal ligaments |
| vestibular ligaments | superior ligaments of the larynx |
| vocal ligamnets | inferior ligaments of larynx |
| vestibular folds | "false vocal cords", vestibular ligaments along with teh mucous membrane - no function in soound production |
| vocal folds | "true vocal cords", vocal ligaments along witht eh mucous membrane covering them - THEY PRODUCE SOUND WHEN AIR PASSEES BETWEEN THEN |
| the tip of the laryngoscope either pivots the ____ anteriorly at its baseo r actually touches the epiglottis to pull it _______. In bothe instances the epiglottis moves away from teh ____ and makes it easier to look down into the _____. | epiglottis, anteriorly, spine, larynx |
| false vocal cords | vestibular folds, support the true vocal cords below |
| inferior ligaments | vocal ligaments |
| vegus nerve (cranial nerve) is injured you'll have trouble with | vocal cords |
| true vocal cords vibrate when air is passed over them and produce _____. | sound, |
| vocal cords of males are longer, vibrate more slowly than those of _____ and produce lower _____. | females, pitches |
| rima glottidis | opening between the vocal folds |
| the rima glottidis widens if the vocal folds are _____ and becomes ___ if the vocal folds are ______. | abducted, narrower, adducted |
| if you're trying to intubate a baby | even if you do everything right really bad things can happen |
| glottis refers to the | rima glottidis plus the vocal folds. |
| when air is forced through the rima glottidis the vocal folds ____, and this bibration produces _____ | vibrate, sound |
| what determines the quality of the sound? | length, tension, and position of the vocal folds |
| the range of voices (soprano or bass) is determmined by the _______? | length of the vocal folds |
| ___ is determined by the tightness or tautness of the vocal folds | pitch |
| loudness is depends on the? | force of air passing the vocal folds |
| as we grow our vocal folds increase in _____, resulting in? | length, voices deepen |
| under the influence of testosterone? | the vocal folds of males are longer and thicker than those of females, (deeper voice) |
| pitch refers to the rgrequncey of sound wavews and is determined by the amount of tension or tautness on the vocal folds by the _+_______ | intrinsic laryngeal muscles |
| more taut vocal cords result in? less taut vocal cords results in? | higher sound, lower the pitch of sound |
| lot of air forced throug ht erima glottidis produces? little air forced throug proudces? | loud sound, soft sound |
| when you whisper? | only the most posterior portion of the rima glottidis is opena nd the vocal cords do nott vibrate |
| give an example of when the vocal cords are not vibrating and you're still talking? | whisper |
| why is it that all whisper sounds are the same pitch? | becaseu the vocal cords are not vibrating |
| describe a childs vocal cords | shorter, smaller vocal folds, produce higher voices |
| when a male goes throught puberty what occurs to his voice? | his laryngeal cartilages and voacal folds grow rapidly producing the "cracking" voice that eventually leads to a adeeper voice at maturity |
| recognizable speech requires the participation of numerous structures | pharynx, nasal and oral cavities, paranasal sinuses, lips, tongue |
| castroti | male soprano's, cut of testes to keep high voices |
| why is it that children have high, nasal-like voices? | because their sinuses are not yet well developed, so they lack large chambers where sounds can resonate |
| trachea | flexible, slightly rigid tubular organ often referred to as the windpipe |
| trachea extends through the____ and lies immediately anterior to the _______, inferior to the _______, and superior to the primary ____ of the lungs | mediastinum, esophagus, larynx, brochi |
| windpipe | trachea |
| the trachea is held open by? | C-shaped hyaline cartilage rings with the open part of the C facing posteriorly to allow the esophagus to bulge anteriorly when food is passing down teh esophagus |
| open part of C-chaped hyaline cartilage faces what direction? | posteriorly, to allow the esophagus to bulge anteriorly when food is passing down the esophagus |
| if the C-shaped hyaline cartilages weren't there what would occur to your trachea | it would collapse when inhale |
| tracheal cartilages | 15-20 C-shaped hyaline cart of trachia |
| the open ends of each C-shaped piece are bound together by the? | trachealis muscle and by an elastic, ligamentous membrane |
| contrx of the trachealis muscle influences? | airflow by narrowing the diameter of trachea |
| why would you want to narrow the trachea? | when you're trying to expel a foreign object or mucus (coughing) |
| _______ are forced expiration and emply the _____ to force the ribs down and in and the _____ to force the abdominal organs in and up against the _____. the _____ narrows teh trachea to make this expulsion more forceful. | coughing and sneezing, internal intercostals, abdominal muscles, diaphragm, trachealis muscle |
| trachea is lined with | ciliated epithelium and mucus secreting cells (dus and foreign particles are swept up into the pharynx where the mucus is either coughed out or swallowed |
| mucociliated escalator | ciliated epith and mucus secreting cells sweeping up dust and foreign particles |
| at the level of the sternal angel the trachea? | bifurcates into r and l primary bronchi |
| much of what you inhale everyday you ___- | eat |
| the right primary bronchus is more _______ while the left primary bronchus leeaves at a ______ | vertical, more acute angle (because of the heart) |
| why is is important to know the angles of the primary bronchi? | because objects are more likely to lodge in the right lung as it is more of a straight down route |
| inhaled objects are morelikely to travel down into the ____ lobes of the lungs than the ___ lobes. | right, left |
| carina | internal ridge formed by the most inferior tracheal cartilage separates the primary bronchi at their origin |
| aspirate | when you vomit something up and then breath it into lungs |
| bronchial tee | highly branched system of air-conducting passages taht orginate from teh l and r primary bronchi and progressively branch into narrower tubes as they diverge |
| if we're talking about the respiratory tree what is the trunk? two main branches? | trachea, l and r primary bronchi |
| funct of respiratory tree? | conduct air |
| what support the walls of the primary bronchi? | incomplete rings of hyaline cartilage, ensure they remain open |
| primary bronchi enter into the medialsurface of the lungs together with the J_____, ____ and _____ | pulmonary vessels, lymphatic vessesl, nerves |
| hilum | medial surface of the lung |
| primary bronchi branches into? | secondary bronchi |
| lft lung has ____ secondary braonchi | two, has two lobes |
| right lung has ___ secondary bronchi. | three, has three lobes |
| secondary bronchi divide into | tertiary bronchi, turn and divide even smaller |
| as the bronchi branch the airways (bronchial tree) get smaller and smaller until they reach the tiny bronchioles taht have NO _____ | cartilage rings or cilia |
| all bronchi have ___- | incomplete rings of cartilage (become fewer and fewer) |
| all bronchi are lined with ____- | ciliated epithelium |
| a ________ develops between the mucosa of the airways and tthe cartilaginous support in the wall | complete ring of smooth muscle |
| since bronchioles contain no cartilage rings, what prevents them from collapsing? | their small diameter |
| what helps bronchioles regulate airway constriction and dilation and the amount of air traveling through the bronchial tree? | thicker layer of smooth muscle than large bronchi |
| bronchoconstriction | smooth muscle contrx narrows bronchioles |
| bronchodilation | smooth muscle relaxation dilates bronchioles |
| terminal bronchioles | final segment of the conducting pathway, conduct air into the resp portion of the resp system |
| the airways that are easiest to collapse are the? | bronchioles |
| respiratory portion of respiratory system consists of? | respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and pulmonary alveoli |
| where is the problem with asthma attacks | bronchioles narrowing |
| terminal bronchioles | the final portionof the conducting system and conduct air to the respiratory portion of the resp syste |
| describe the epithelium in the resp portion of resp system? | epithelium is much thinner than in the conducting portion, facilitating gas diffusion btwn pulmonary cap and resp structures |
| alveoli arise from both? | resp bronchioles and the alveolar ducts |
| how are the thin walled alveoli specialized? | to promote diff of gases btwn the alveoli and pulmonary capillaries |
| oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the _____ so it can be carried by teh _____ ot the body's metabolically active tissues | pulmonary capillaries, erythrocytes |
| co2 diffuses out of the ______ in to the _____ so it can be expired | pulmonary capillaries, alveoli |
| lungs contain ______ alveoli | 300-400 million |
| the spongy nature of the lungs is due to the | packing of millions of alveoli together |
| alveolar macrophages | migratory cells, cont crawl within the alveoli, engulfing microorg or particulate material that has reached the alveoli |
| lungs house | bronchial tree and resp portion of the resp system |
| lungs are separtated by | mediastinum |
| outer surface of each lung | visceral pleura |
| internal thoarcic walls, lateral surfaces of mediatinum and sup srf of diaphragms | parietal pleura |
| final portion of the conducting system? | terminal bronchioles |
| alveolar ducts terminate in | alveoli |
| the visceral and parietal pleural layers are continuous where? | hilum of each lung |
| potential space between serous membrane layers | pleural cavity |
| dust cells | alveolar macrophages |
| when the lungs are inflated, teh pleural v cavity is a ___________, why? | pleural cavity, teh visceral and parietal pleurae are almost in contact with eachother |
| if you have a collapsed lung | visceral pleura is large, distance btwn visceral pleura and parietal pleura is large |
| there is a ____ in pleural cavity, that keeps the two layers together | partial vaccuum |
| the parietal and visceral pleura move as a ____unless? | unit, a knife (ex) or outside air is let in |
| pneumothorax | collapsed lung, get air into pleural cavity wich allows the lung to collapse |
| right lung is divided into | sup, middle and inf lobes |
| feft lung is subdivided into the? | sup, inf lobe |
| lf and right lungs may be partitioned into _____ segments | bronchopulmonary , each with own tertiary bronchus |
| the deoxygenated blood that enters teh pulmonary capillaries becomes _____ before it returns to the lft atrium through a series of pulm venules and veins | oxygenated |
| systemic circulation of lungs consists of | tiny bronchial arteries and veins that supply the bronchi and bronchioles of the lung |
| approx three or four tiny __________ branch from teh anterior wall of the descending thoracic aorta and divide to form capillary beds to supply strux int eh bronchial tree | bronchial arteries |
| increasingly larger ______ collect venous blood from these same strx and drain into the ________ | bronchial veins, azygous syst of veins |
| lymph nodes and vessels of the lungs are located where? | within the connective tissue of the lungs as well as around the bronchi and pleura |
| the lymph nodes collect _________ that were not filtered out by the ciliated epithelium of the lung | carbon, dust part and pollutants |
| lymphatic drainage of right lung drains into the _________, while the lymphatic drainageof hte lefts lung drains into the ______. | right lymphatic duct, thoracic duct |
| inspiration | ACTIVE process taht occurs when diaphragm contrx downward and teh ext intercost pull the ribs up and out |
| _____ nerve stim diaphragm | phrenic nerve |
| during teh inspiration mvmnt of the diaphragme and ribs pull the parietal pleura | out and down and the visceral pleura with the attch lung, follows (air is pulled in by neg pressure) |
| expiration | PASSIVE PROCESS, caused by teh elastic recoil of teh lung tissues. This causes the ribs to move down and in and the diaph to be pulled up. |
| in order to passively exhale a person has to? | stop nervous stim of the ext intercost and the diaphragm. the ELASTICITY of the lungs will then pull ribs down and in and the diaph up. |
| the internal intercostals can be used for ____ exhalation | forceful (exercise, coughing/sneezing). depress the ribs and diminisht eh volume of the thoracic cavity |
| pulmonary ventilation | breathing |
| go over pulmonayr ventilation on p. 293 bottom | (blank) |
| the lungs are innervated by? | autonomic nervous system |
| the main functionof the sympathetic innervation in the lungs is? | bronchodilation |
| main funct of the parasympathetic innervation of the lungs is? | bronchoconstriction |
| teh involuntary, rhythmic activities taht deoliver and remove resp gases are regulated in the | brainstem |
| regulatory respiratory centers are located in? | medulla oblongata (rate and depth of breathing) and the pons (infl breathing rate) |
| influence breathing rate | pons |
| establishes teh rate and depth of breathing | medulla oblongata |
| smoking and pollution can lead to | emphysema and lung canceer |
| a decrease in elastic connective tissue, reduces the amoun of | gas that can be exchanted with each breath and results in a decrease int he ventilation rate |
| if a person smokes regularly the lungs become darker and blacker throughtout bec of deposition of | carbon particles in the cells |
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