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Injectable Agents
Junior - Small Animal Anesthesia Lecture 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What species is Ketamine approved for? | Cats and Primates |
| Why is ketamine not used alone in dogs? | high incidence of seizure, muscle rigidity, and violent and excessive movement |
| What drugs are commonly used with ketamine? | benzodiazepines (diazepam and midazolam) |
| What other drugs can be used with ketamine if profound sedation is achieved? | acepromazine and A2 agonists |
| If you choose dexmedetomidine + an opioid as a premed, which is preferred for cardiac health as an induction agent: propofol or diazepam/ketamine | diazepam/ketamine (it counteracts the bradycardia caused by the dex and opioid combination |
| What effects do you expect when using ketamine? | Increased heart rate, increased blood pressure, increased cardiac output due to sympathetic stim, decreased myocardial contractility, apneustic breathing, and swallowing |
| When is ketamine contraindicated? | With increased ICP, hepatic problems, chronic kidney disease in cats, increased BP, and corneal ulcers (increased intraocular pressure) |
| What combination of drugs with ketamine would you use in sick patients? | 1:1 diazepam ketamine, with 1/4 of dose given at a time every 15-30s |
| What is the difference btw ketamine + diazepam or ketamine + midazolam | minimal difference - ketamine/midazolam may have a slightly faster induction |
| what combination of drugs w/ ketamine would you use in aggressive animals? | dexmedetomidine, wait for sedation, IV ketamine at lower dose |
| How would you combine acepromazine with ketamine? | acepromazine + opioid IM, wait for sedation then IV injection of ketamine |
| What is Telazol made up of? | Tiletamine and Zolazepam |
| How is Telazol reconstituted? | lyophilized powder with 5 ml of saline, 5% dextrose or water resulting in a concentration of 50mg/mL of each drug |
| How is Telazol approved for use? | As an IM injection in dogs and cats, but has been used clinically as an IV induction agent using lower dosages |
| What are the effects of Telazol in dogs at? | Increased HR and cardiac output, and reduction in peripheral vascular resistance, contractility, and arterial blood pressure --- but after inital decrease, an increase of blood pressure |
| What are the effects of Telazol in cats? | a decrease and then increase of BP and contractility |
| Why do we not usually see hemodynamic instability when using telazol? | because we use it at lower doses |
| True or False, recovery with telazol in dogs is smoother than in cats | FALSE |
| Why is telazol recovery in dogs poor? | Because dogs metabolize zolazepam faster than tiletamine resulting in more residual dissociative effects |
| TRUE or FALSE, telazol can be used as a CRI | FALSE |
| True or False, telazol as similar CI as ketamine? | TRUE |
| A nonbarbiturate IV anesthetic that is cardiac safe with minimal respiratory depression | Etomidate |
| What are the negative effects of Etomidate | poor induction, hemolysis may develop due to hyperosmolar solution, and inhibited adrenal synthesis may result in lower cortisol, aldosterone, and corticosterone |
| what are side effects following induction of etomidate | excitement, myoclonic activity, vomiting, pain on injection, retching, and gagging |
| Is etomidate suitable for CRI | no |
| When is etomidate particularly useful? | For neuro patients: it decreases intracranial pressure, cerebral oxygen metabolism, and cerebral blood flow |
| What is the most common neuroleptanalgesic combination | Benzodiazepine + Opioid (midazolam or diazepam + hydromorphone, fentanyl, remifentanil) |
| When are neuroleptanalgesic combinations used? | In sick and depressed animals |
| Methohexital | ultrashort-acting oxybarbiturate, controlled substance, for IV induction in humans |
| when is methohexital used | It used to be used regularly in Greyhounds before propofol |
| What are the effects of methohexital? | cardiovascular depression, transient decrease in blood pressure, apnea, fast recovery accompanied by excitement and violent movement |
| Steroid anesthetic that could potentially replace propofol and thiopental | Alfaxalone |
| What is the solubilizing agent for alfaxalone | cyclodextrin |
| What will a fast induction with alfaxalone cause | apnea and decrease in bp |
| True or False, alfaxalone possesses analgesic properties | FALSE |
| TRUE or FALSE, alfaxalone is appropriate for use with CRI | TRUE |
Created by:
Sara2420
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