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Rabbits
Rabbits, Rodents and Ferrets Lectures 7-9
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are rabbits? | Lagomorphs: Oryctolagus cuniculus |
| How are rabbits different from rodents? | Teeth configuration --- ex: have 4 incisors whereas rodents only have 2 |
| What is the weight range for rabbits? | <1kg - 9kg... over 50 breeds (dwarfs <1kg, flemish/checkered giant 9kg) |
| what are the historical uses of rabbits? | game, domesticated food animal, lab animal, vermin, pets |
| What is unique to the skin and glands of rabbits? | Skin: think and easy to tear No foot pads Glands: anal, inguinal, and chin --- chin and inguinal usually for marking |
| Why is the nasolacrimal duct clinically important? | It has a single ventral punctum and narros at two spots - proximal maxilla and base of upper incisor (important because these sites can be blocked) |
| What is unusual about rabbit dental roots? | They are open --- continue growing throughout the life of the animal, about 3mm/week |
| Describe the rabbit stomach | thing walled, poorly distensible, vomiting unlikely, food, hair, anc cecal pellets are usually present, hindgut fermenters, rapid fiber elimination |
| Where occurs in the rabbit cecum? | bacterial fermentation, it is thin-walled, coiled, with many sacculations - located on the R side of the abdomen and contents are semi-fluid |
| What occurs in the colon? | separation of fiber and fluid, fluid retropulsed into cecum |
| What is the function of the ileocecocolic complex? | The sacculus rotundus valve functions to segregate out smaller fiber into the cecum to produce VFAs and the undigested fiber into the colon |
| Describe coprophagy in rabbits | In the morning, they eat some fecal matter directly from the anus: protein and vitamin rich material It is different from the regular feces, produced in the morning, soft and moist --- allows the contents of the cecum to flush out (caecotrophs) |
| Describe normal rabbit kidneys | single papilla, pH of urine 8-9 (basic), calcium sludge in the urine, and the urine is orange/red (porphyrins) |
| What's important about rabbit ears? | High vascular - with central auricular artery and marginal veins. Don't give injectable meds in the central artery... put it in the veins! Important for thermoregulation Vertical and horizontal canal |
| Rabbit Reproductive tract | Bicornuate uterus and 2 cervices |
| How do we determine male v female rabbits? | Males: round urethral opening, penis extrudable at 2 months, hairless scrotal sacs, larger head Females: elongated vulva, heavy dewlap |
| Describe rabbit oestrus cycle | induced ovulators (but not pathogenic as in ferrets), no definitive estrus cycle, do become receptive behaviorly (chin rubbing on objects, lordosis, congested vulva) |
| Breeding characteristics of rabbits | Does are more territorial - so the female is taken to the male Bucks mate any time Nesting behavior: burrowing, hair plucking Pregnancy: 30-32days, palpation >14d Parturition occurs in the early morning |
| How are baby rabbits born? | Altricial (well developed), placental Ab transfer but still need colostrum, nurse SID/BID, emerge from next in 3 weeks, coprophagy at 3 weeks, weaning 4-6 weeks |
| Describe rabbit behavior | high social, burrowing, mutual grooming, scent is important, thumping is an alarm call, they are prey animals and may show fear with paralysis, flight, or screaming |
| What is appropriate group housing for rabbits? | Adults may fight if put together, littermates are usually compatible, but unrelated females need space, neutering decreases conflict, all intros. should be supervised |
| Outdoor rabbit housing should be: | Off the ground, avoid sunlight, protect from extremes, waterproof, enough space to stretch out, stand, 3 hops, solid nesting area, bedding (paper, hay, etc), good ventilation, need daily exercise, prevent escape (they like to burrow) |
| Indoor housing for rabbits: | Secure cage, wire diameter - fractures, provide exercise daily, litter training Caution with children, electric cables, other pets, toxic plants |
| What do we feed rabbits? | monogastric hindgut fermenters: grass and hay, small amount of commercial pellet (18-24% fiber, 15% protein), garden forage, fresh veggies Can survive on grass alone Limit pellet diets, adults and pregnant or lactating does can have higher amounts |
| What hay types are good for rabbits? | Timothy (most popular): bails, cubes, oxbow critical care Orchard grass: also available at pet stores, slight mixture of hay Bermuda grass: less high quality but can be used, preferably not primary source Alfalfa hay: good for growing and lactating |
| What is a side effect of alfalfa hay? | high calcium may result in urolithiasis, also high carb diet may alter hindgut flora leading to clostridial overgrowth |
| How much water do rabbits need? | 120ml/kg/day temp dependent increases with high fiber and high protein diet |
| How should you bring a rabbit to the vet? | Bring in their cage (not cleaned) with water/food bowls, bring food samples, meds/supplements, fresh fecal sample, cover w/ blanket |
| What history do you want to obtain? | origin, length of relationship, housing, exposure to other , owners evaluation (food/water intake, droppings, behavior, environment) |
| PE of rabbits | Lifespan: 5-10y Rectal temp: 103-104 HR: 130-325 RR: 32-60 |
| How do you restrain a rabbit? | Like a football |
| what can poor rabbit restraint result in? | Broken backs --- they can kick the air and break their backs |
| Rabbit anesthesia: | Don't fast, don't pull water more than 6hrs, atropinesterase (so atropine not very effective) Prmeds: Opioids (bup, butorphanol), Midazolam, intra-nasal valium Induction: mask, aquarium, inj. |
| How do you intubate a rabbit? | extend the neck, listen to expiration, push tube |
| Where is the best place to put an IV catheter? | Jugular |
| What other venipuncture sites can you use? | cephalic, saphenous, marginal (ear) |
| What species would you compare a rabbit Chem to? | Horse |
| What is different on a rabbit CBC? | heterophils |
| Rabbit radiography | cecum has a lot of gas, you can see kidneys, fecal material, bladder, notice unlike ferret the heart is cranial (thoracic inlet), head anatomy (jaws, dental problems) |
| What do you use in rabbit blood tubes? | EDTA |
| What is the most important rabbit disease? | Pasteurella multocida (AKA snuffles) Gram neg, bipolar, aerobid rod various serotypes |
| How is pasteurellosis transmitted? | aerosol, direct contact, fomites, venereal |
| What factors predispose pasteurellosis infection? | poor nutrition, stress, poor husbandry (overcrowding, poor ventilation), immunodeficiency |
| What are the CS of pasteurellosis? | EVERYTHING Upper Respiratory: "snuffles", rhinitis, sinusitis, conjunctivitis, dacryocytitis Otitis ANY other organ: pleuropneumonia, bacteremia, abscesses, pyometra |
| How do you diagnose pasteurellosis? | PE, CBC/Chem (generalized infection), Culture (difficult to grow) |
| How do you treat pasteurellosis? | Clinical signs, supportive care Enrofloxacin, chloramphenicol, Trimeth-sulfa, Penicillin G benzathine w/ caution |
| What other organisms cause similar disease to pasteurellosis in rabbits? | Bordetella, Pseudomonas, Staph |
| What is the prognosis of pasteurellosis? | varies, good if caught early and mild URI, poor prognosis w/ pneumonia, osteomyelitis, otitis interna, abscesses, recurrence v. common |
| What are the most common manifestations of pasteurellosis? | 1. rhinitis, sinusitis 2. conjunctivitis Also can be subclinical |
| What does nasolacrimal duct obstruction cause and how do you dx/tx? | epiphora, scalding of face, alopecia catheterization - small teflon catheter, local/possibly general anesthesia |
| Rabbit abscesses are: | simple to dx, difficult to tx Check for bone involvement, other abscesses, recurrence Tx: complete sx excision, abx ipregnanted beads |
| What is torticollis? | A fancy name for a head tilt Very common in rabbits Ddx: encephalitozoon, parasitic larval migration, toxoplasmosis, trauma, and obviously p. multocida |
| How do you tx torticollis associated w/ middle or inner ear inf? | medical or surgical interventions |
| What microsporidium causes torticollis? | Encephalitozoon cuniculi: obligate intracellular protozoan, urine-oral transmission, doe and young, usually in intestines - bloodstream Transmits by spores in urine Most cases are chronic/subclinical: CNS dz, runting, renal dz Pathognomonic: Uvei |
| How do you dx and treat microsporidiosis? | Dx: ELISA, IFA, difficult b/c often subclinical in rabbits Tx: None? Benzimadazoles |
| What is balisascaris? | Ascarids from raccoons causing cerebral larva migrans |
| What are other causes of torticollis in rabbits? | toxoplasmosis, trauma, parasitic cysts |
| How prevalent is Rabies in Rabbits? | rare, 30 cases in 26 years |
| What is a viral disease that rabbits can acquire from humans that may result in neurological signs? | Herpes Simplex 1 (though rare) |
| What poxvirus is common in rabbits? | Myxomatosis |
| What does myxomatosis cause in rabbits? | lumps around the rabbit's head and genitals, acute eye infection, discharge, blindness, loss of balance, anorexia, fever, pneumonia, and eventually results in death |
| What type of poxvirus affects rabbits in the US? | no virulent strain, rabbit fibroma (not very severe), myxomatosis (mostly in europe), rabbitpox virus (lab animal dz) |
| What 3 papillomaviruses affect rabbits? | Rabbit Shope Papilloma - natural host is cottontail, hairless wart-like areas of ears and eyelids, can progress to SCC rabbit oral papilloma - benign worts on tongue/lips Rectal papillomas |
| True or False, rabbit calicivirus is reportable in the US | TRUE --- originated in china, endemic in europe, spread by live rabbits and meat products |
| What are the CS and lesions of calicivirus? | CS: lethargy, anorexia, opisthotonus and convulsions, hemorrhagic nasal and vaginal discharges Lesions: large pale liver, organ hemorrhage/necrosis, portal hepatic necrosis, catarrhal enteritis Peracute dz: 24h High mortality 90% Suckling rabbits |
| What other viral diseases may affect rabbits with GI side effects? | Adenovirus, lapine parvovirus, rotavirus |
| What is trichobezoars in rabbits? | 'hair' in the stomach - can be normal May be due to gastric hypomotility caused by low fiber diet, inability to vomit, grooming, boredum May also be a sign of pain or dehydration |
| How do you dx gastic stasis? | signalment, history, PE, rads, ultrasound |
| How do you tx gastric stasis? | Fluids (>100 mL/kg), force feedings (blenderized alfalfa pellets w/ water, rehydrate gastric contents), metoclopramide or cisapride Possibly proteolytic enzymes, pineapple juice? NOT SURGERY!!! |
| How do you prevent GI stasis? | high fiber, high quality diet, decrease stress, obesity, boredum, prophylactic tx (enzymes, cat laxatives), brushing? |
| What does bloat look like in rabbits? | Upper intestinal obstructions (hair or pellets, beans, seads, neoplasia, post spay adhesions) and secondary gas dilated stomach ---> death |
| Diarrhea in rabbits is an ____________ | emergency ---- need IV access |
| Ddx for mucoid diarrhea in rabbits: | Mucoid enteritis (young, diet related) Infections (coccidia, clostridium ass. enterotoxemia, bacterial enteritis, lawsonia intracellularis, tyzzer's dz, cornoavirus or rotavirus) Antibiotic Associated Dysbiosis |
| What other effects does coccidia have in rabbits? | Hepatic (E. stiedae) |
| What are the causes of bacterial enteritis? | E. Coli, Salmonella, Psuedomonas |
| What is tyzzer's disease? | Clostridium piliforme Not seen that often ---- boards question! |
| What abx can cause abx associated dysbiosis | Clindamycin, lincomycin, ampicillin/amoxicillin, erythromycin sometimes penicillin and cephalosporins |
| Dental disease in rabbits: | Always do a PE Disease due to genetics, trauma, low abrasive diet, malnutrition (metabolic bone dz) |
| What causes overgrown incisors? | malocclusion (genetics, trauma) |
| What are urinary calculi made up of in rabbits? | Calcium --- usually absorbed (independent of vitamin D) or eliminated by kidneys, but excessive --> sludge and calculi are calcium carbonate Tx: FLUIDS and decrease calcium intake |
| What causes an intermittent hematuria, palpably lumpy uterus and occurs in >60% of females >5 years? | Uterine Adenocarcinoma |
| How do you dx and tx uterine adenocarcinomas? | Radiographs/ultrasound + CS and PE, usually slow to metastasize, tx: surgery |
| What ectoparasites do rabbits deal with? | Flies (blowflies), Fleas, Lice, Mites |
| What fleas affect rabbits? | cat flea (ctenocephalides felis), rabbit flea (spilopsylla cuniculi), sticktight flea (echnidnophaga gallinacea) |
| What fly causes myiasis? | cuterebra |
| What are psoroptes cuniculi? | ear mite of rabbit, causes crusting in external ear canal, scratching at ears, and shaking head |
| What are cheyletiella parasitovorax | rabbit fur mite, 'walking dandruff' |
| What is leporacarus gibbus? | less common rabbit fur mite, laterally compressed w/ short legs |
| What is notoedres cati? | mite --> crusty, pruritis dermatitsis of the head, neck and trunk |
| How do you treat rabbit mits? | Ivermectin every 2 weeks for 3 treatments, clean environment |
| What venereal disease affects rabbits? | Rabbit Syphilus (Trepenema paraluiscuniculi), transmission is direct contact, clinica disease uncommon, may cause metritis and abortion in females |
| What are the CS of rabbit syphilus? | vesicular swelling, dry scaliness on prepuce/vulva, macules, papules, and ulcers |
| How do you dx and tx rabbit syphilus? | Dx: fluorescent Ab test, darkfield microscopy, silver stains Tx: procaine penicillin IM |
Created by:
Sara2420
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