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KensMicrobiology
Chapters 6 - 9
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| obligate aerobe | Organisms that require oxygen to live |
| facultative anaerobe | the ability to continue growing in the absence of oxygen |
| obligate anaerobe | are bacteria that are unable to use molecular oxygen for energy-yielding reactions. In fact, most are harmed by it |
| aerotolerant anaerobe | cannot use oxygen for growth, but they tole rate it fairly well |
| microaerophile | They are aerobic they do require oxygen. However, they grow only in oxygen concentrations lower than those in air |
| culture medium | A nutrient material prepared for the growth of microorganisms in a laboratory |
| inoculums | Microbes that arc introduced into a culture medium to initiate growth |
| agar | When it is desirable to grow bacteria on a solid medium, a solidifying agent such as agar is added to the medium |
| chemically defined media | medium is one whose exact chemical composition is known |
| complex media | made up of nutrients including extracts from yeasts, meat, or plants, or digests of proteins from these and other sources |
| selective media | are designed to suppress the growth of unwanted bacteria and encourage the growth of the desired microbes |
| differential media | make it easier to distinguish colonies of the desired organism from other colonies growing on the same plate |
| streak plate method | A sterile inoculating loop is dipped into a mixed culture that contains more than one type of microbe and is streaked in a pattern over the surface of the nutrient medium. As the pattern is traced, bacteria are rubbed off the loop onto the medium. The las |
| generation time | The time required for a cell to divide (and its population to double) |
| lag | period of little or no cell division |
| log | the cells begin to divide and enter a period of growth |
| stationary | the growth rate slows, the number of microbial deaths balances the number of new cells |
| death | number of deaths eventually exceeds the number of new cells formed |
| binary fission | the process in which bacteria divide |
| CFU | bacteria frequently grow linked in chains or as dumps |
| Biofilms | biofilms are not just bacterial slime layers but biological systems the bacteria arc organized into a coordinated, functional community. Biofilms are usually attached to a surface |
| Colony | will form that are exact copies of the original organism. A visible colony theoretically arises from a single spore or vegetative cell or from a group of the same microorganisms attached to one another in clumps or chains |
| Biofilms importance to Health | microbes in biofilms are probably 1000 times more resistant to microbicides 70% of human bacterial infections involve biofilms. Most are probably related to biofilms on medical catheters |
| Sepsis | from the Greek for decay or putrid, indicates bacterial contamination |
| Asepsis | is the absence of significant contamination |
| Sterilization | Destruction or removal of all forms of microbial life. including endospores but with the possible exception of prions |
| Disinfection | Destruction of vegetative pathogens |
| Antisepsis | Destruction of vegetative pathogens on living tissue |
| Degerming | Removal of microbes from a limited area, such as the skin around an injection site |
| Sanitization | Treatment intended to lower microbial counts on eating and drinking utensils to safe public health levels |
| Biocide/germicide | treatments that cause the outright death of microbes |
| Bacteriostasis | inhibit the growth and multiplication of bacteria |
| Gene | are segments of DNA (except in some viruses, in which they are made of RNA) that code for functional products |
| Genotype | of an organism is its genetic makeup, the information that codes for all the particular characteristics of the organism. The genotype represents potential properties, but not the properties themselves |
| Phenotype | refers to actual, expressed properties, such as the organism's ability to perform a particular chemical reaction. Phenotype, then, is the manifestation of genotype |
| Genome | The genetic information in a cell |
| Proteome | is the expression of the genome |
| genetic code | the set of rules that determines how a nucleotide sequence is converted into the amino acid sequence of a protein |
| genetic recombination | refers to the exchange of genes between two DNA molecules to form new combinations of genes on a chromosome crossing over |
| transformation | genes are transferred from one bacterium to another as naked DNA in solution |
| conjugation | conjugation requires direct cell-to-cell contact. Second, the conjugating cells must generally be of opposite mating type donor cells must carry the plasmid, and recipient cells usually do not |
| transduction | In this process, bacterial DNA is transferred from a donor cell to a recipient cell inside a virus that infects bacteria, called a bacteriophage, or phage |
| transcription | is the synthesis of a complementary strand of RNA from a DNA template |
| codon | groups of three nucleotides, such as AUG, GGC, or AAA. The sequence of codons on an mRNA molecule determines the sequence of amino acids that will be in the protein being synthesized |
| translation | Protein synthesis is called translation because it involves decoding the language of nucleic acids and converting that information into the language of proteins |
| mutation | is a change in the base sequence of DNA. Such a change in the base sequence of a gene will sometimes cause a change in the product encoded by that gene |
| mutagen | something that causes a mutation |
| vertical gene Transfer | occurs when genes are passed from an organism to its offspring |
| horizontal gene transfer | pass their genes laterally to other microbes of the same generation |
| biotechnology | is the use of microorganisms, cells, or cell components to make a product. Microbes have been used in the commercial production of foods, vaccines, antibiotics, and vitamins for years |
| transformation | a procedure during which cells can take up DNA from the surrounding environment |
| electroporation | uses an electrical current to form microscopic pores in the membranes of cells |
| protoplast fusion | are produced by enzymatically removing the cell wall, thereby allowing more direct access to the plasma membrane |
| microinjection | This technique requ ires the use of a glass micropipette with a diameter that is much smaller than the cell |
| gene gun | which can be used to insert DNA-coated " bullet s" into a cell. |
| subunit vaccines | consisting only of a protein portion of a pathogen, have been produced for a number of diseases, notably hepatitis B. One of the advantages of a subunit vaccine is that there is no chance of becoming infected from the vaccine |
| DNA vaccines | are usually circular plasmids that include a gene encoding a viral protein under the transcriptional control of a promoter region active in human cells |
| gene therapy | removing some cells from a person and transforming them with a normal gene to replace a defective or mutated gene. When these cells are returned to the person, they should function normally |
| gene silencing- RNAi | Double-stranded RNAs called small interfering RNAs (siRNA) that target a particular gene, such as a virus gene, can be introduced into a cell. The siRNA molecules bind to mRNA causing its enzymatic destruction, thus silencing the expression of a gene |
| human genome project | The goal of this project was to sequence the entire human genome, approximately 3 billion nucleotide pairs, comprising 20,000 to 25,000 genes |
| sequencing of genomes | determination of the exact sequence of nucleotide bases in DNA |
| bioinformatics | the Science of understanding the function of genes through computer-assisted analysis |
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