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Digestive system1250
vet 1250
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the four main parts of the digestive system? | gut, digestive tract, alimentary canal, GI tract |
| What are the six main parts of the GI tract? | Mouth, esophagus, stomach/rumen, small intestine, large intestine, anus |
| What are the five accessory structures of the digestive system? | teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, pancreas |
| What are the five functions of the digestive tract? | 1. Prehension 2. Mastication 3. Chemical digestion 4. Absorption 5. Elimination |
| plant eating animals are | herbivores |
| meat eating animals are | carnivores |
| animals that eat meat and plant material are | omnivores |
| these animals have simple single stomachs | monogastric |
| these animals have multiple mixing and fermentation compartments in addition to the stomach | ruminants |
| the digestive tract is made up of how many layers | 4 |
| the lining of the Gi tract that is made up of epithelium and loose connective tissue | mucosa layer |
| dense connective tissue that lines the digestive tract and may contain glands | submucosa layer |
| the layer of the digestive tract that is located outside the submucosa | muscle layer |
| the outermost layer of the digestive tract that is thin tough connective tissue | serosa layer |
| sheets of connective tissue that contains blood and lymph vessels and nerves that supply the GI tract | Messentery |
| this tissue lines the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, and anus | stratified squamous epithelium |
| This tissue runs from the junction of the esophagus and stomach through the intestines to junction of rectum and anus | simple columnar epithelium |
| this has voluntary control of the mouth, pharynx, the cranial part of the esophagus, and the external anal sphincter, also allows chewing and swallowing | skeletal muscle |
| This tissue covers the wall of the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and internal sphincter; primarily arranged in circular and longitudinal layers | smooth muscle |
| circular muscle contractions with wavelike movement along the tract that propel digestive tract contents along the tube ahead | peristalsis |
| periodic circular muscle contractions that occur in different adjacent sites that mix contents and allow movement through the tract | segmental contractions |
| Four main parts of the mouth/oral cavity | Lips, roof(hard and soft palate) teeth, tongue |
| this gland produces saliva, comes in 3 pairs with ducts that carry the saliva to the oral cavity | salivary glands |
| the salivary gland that is ventral to the ear canals | parotid |
| the salivary gland ventral to the parotid glands at the caudal angle of the mandible | mandibular |
| salivary gland medial to the shafts of the mandible located just under the base of the tongue | sublingual |
| physically breaking down food into smaller pieces | mastication |
| these teeth are contained in the maxilla and the incisive bone | upper arcade |
| these teeth are contained in the mandible | lower arcade |
| inner surface of the lower arcade of teeth | lingual |
| inner surface of the upper arcade | palatal |
| outer surface of the upper and lower arcade at the front of the mouth | labial |
| outer surface of the teeth more caudal in the mouth | buccal |
| covers the crown of the tooth, hardest toughest tissue in the body | enamel |
| surrounds and protects the tooth pulp | dentin |
| center of the tooth where blood and nerve supply enter at the apex of the tooth root | pulp |
| epithelial tissue that composes the gums around the teeth | gingiva |
| hard connective tissue, covers the root, helps fasten the tooth securely in its body socket | cementum |
| grasping teeth that are most rostral of the upper and lower arcade | incisors |
| tearing teeth, located at the corners of the incisors, longer than the other teeth with pointed tips | canines |
| cutting teeth, rostral cheek teeth, sharp points and surfaces in carnivores | premolars |
| grinding teeth, caudal cheek teeth, larger, flatter occlusal surfaces | molars |
| canine adult dental formula | I 3/3 C 1/1 P 4/4 M 2/3 |
| feline adult dental formula | I 3/3 C 1/1 P 3/2 M 1/1 |
| Bovine adult dental formula | I 0/3 C 0/1 P 3/3 M 3/3 |
| Equine adult dental formula | I 3/3 C 1/1 P 3-4/3 M 3/3 |
| Porcine adult dental formula | I 3/3 C 1/1 P 4/4 M 3/3 |
| breaks down food into smaller particle that increase the surface area available for enzymatic exposure | mastication(mechanical digestion) |
| saliva added to food as it is chewed, moistens, softens, and shapes into a form that is readily swallowed | chemical digestion |
| when the stomach is empty the ph is | 1 |
| enzyme in saliva of omnivores that breaks down amylose(sugar component of startch) | Amylase |
| enzyme that digests lipids, may be found in the saliva of some young animals while they are nursing | Lipase |
| found in saliva of cattle, neutralize acids normally formed in the rumen | sodium bicarbonate and phosphate buffers |
| controls most of the glands in the digestive system | autonomic nervous system |
| stimulates increase in salivation | parasympathetic nervous system |
| stimulation decreases salivation, fear or PNS inhibitors like atropine produce dry mouth | sympathetic nervous system |
| transports material from pharynx to stomach | esophagus |
| enters the stomach at an angle in the cardia region | esophagus |
| surrounded by the cardiac sphincter muscle | esophagus |
| five main areas of the monogastric stomach | cardia, fundus, body, pyloric antrum, pyloris |
| three major parts of the monogastric stomach | Cardia, fundus, body |
| opening from the esophagus | cardia |
| distensible blind pound that expands more as food is swallowed, contains many glands | fundus |
| distensible middle section, contains many glands | body |
| these glands contain parietal cells, chief cells, and mucous cells | gastric glands |
| parietal cells produce | hydrochloric acid |
| chief cells produce | the enzyme pepsin |
| mucous cells product | protective mucous |
| grinds up and swallowed food, regulates hydrochloric acid | pyloric antrum |
| glands in the pyloric antrum contain G cells that secrete | gastrin |
| the muscular sphincter that regulates movement of chyme from the stomach to the duodenum, prevents back flow of duodenal contens into the stomach | pylorus |
| this must combine with vitamin b12 in order for this vitamin to be absorbed into the small intestine | intrinsic factor |
| pepsinogen is secreted by chief cells and is a precursor for the enzyme | pepsin |
| breaks proteins into chains of amino acids | pepsin |
| secreted from the glands in submucosa | intrinsic factor |
| gastin, histamine, and acetylcholine are secreted by parietal cells in order to regulate | H+ and Cl- |
| complex of substances that provide a protective coating for the stomach that is secreted continually | mucus |
| produced by goblet cells in gastric glands | mucins |
| ions that alkalinizes the mucosa | bicarbonate |
| inhibit gastrin release, stimulate bicarbonate production, enhance blood flow to the stomach, stabilize lysosomes with gastric cells, regulate the activity of macrophages and mast cells | Prostaglandins(PG's) |
| this tissue is located in the stomach wall responds to hormones, peptides, and nervous system control | smooth muscle |
| stimulation causes fundus to relax and increase contraction in antrum | PNS |
| stimulation can cause a decrease in motility - gastric atony | SNS |
| _____ and ____ relax with swallowing of food | fundus and body |
| _____ contracts the stomach to help mix food | body |
| increase production of HCl, inhibits muscle activity of the fundus | gastrin |
| distention of the intestines of increase activity in the duodenum, inhibits stomach contraction, delays gastric emptying | enterogastic reflex |
| release from duodenum in response to excess stomach acid in small intestine, can cause fundus to relax, can inhibit peristalsis of the body and antrum | secretin |
| released in response to large amounts of fats or proteins in the duodenum, decreases contrations of the antrum, body, and fundus | cholecystokinin(CCK) |
| one true stomach, three forestomachs, swallow food > regurgitate it to chew some more then swallow again | Ruminants( rumination) |
| ruminant stomach order of digestion | reticulum, rumen, omasum, abomasum |
| traps heavy non food items, does some digestion and absorption | reticulum |
| fermentation vat | rumen |
| mechanical digestion of food | omasum |
| enzymatic digestion of food, true stomach | abomasum |
| smallest most cranial stomach, honeycomb surface | reticulum |
| large fermentative vat, papillae surface | rumen |
| membranous leaves appearance | omasum |
| glandular appearance | abomasum |
| this separates the reticulum and rumen | ruminoreticular fold |
| the rate and strength of contraction of the rumen is determined by the | rumen ph |
| rumen bacteria use their surface cellulase enzyme to turn cellulose into | simple carbohydrates/sugars |
| rumen bacteria use their proteases to breakdown | protein |
| carbohydrates and peptides absorbed by microbes and converted to | volatile fatty acids(VFA's) |
| VFA's are converted into | glucose, adipose tissue, milk fat and other components |
| first short segment of the small intestine that leaves the stomach | duodenum |
| longest portion of the small intestine | jejunum |
| portion of the small intestine that is separated by the ileocecal sphincter that regulates movement from the small intestine into the colon of cecum | Ileum |
| the illeocecal spincter is close to this organ | appendix |
| many fold of villi that contain thousands of microvilli | mucosa |
| digestive enzymes and carrier molecules embedded in cell membrane | microvilli |
| produce mucus and help protect the intestinal mucosa | goblet cells |
| independent of the parasympathetic nervous system these hormones may stimulate intestinal motility | Cholecystokinin and prostaglandins |
| on the basis of the gut ________ must be broken down into _______ b4 cells can break them down | polymers; monomers |
| three major components of the large intestine | cecum, colon, rectum |
| recover fluid and electrolytes, store feces | primary functions of large intestine |
| have a poorly developed cecum with a simple tubular colon | carnivores |
| very large colon and cecum also havve a hind gut | herbivores |
| fermentation site | hindgut |
| these animals have hindgut digestion | equine, quinea pigs, rats, and rabbits |
| terminal portion of large intestine, nervous system control of motility, numerous mucus-secreting glands, sensory receptors detect stretching a stimulate defecation response | rectum |
| internal and external muscular sphincters, stretch receptors cause relaxation and mucosal receptors increase the need for defecation | anus |
| under autonomic control | internal sphincter |
| under voluntary control | external sphincter |
| produces bile, metabolizes drugs/toxins, produces proteins for clotting factors(albumin) stores glucose as glycogen, metabolizes fat into energy, stores vitamins | liver |
| liver secretions are secreted into bile ducts > hepatic duct then stored in the | gallbladder |
| removes toxins and infections agents that enter the body through the GI tract | liver |
| stores or metabolizes nutrients absorbed from the GI tract | Liver |
| located by the duodenum, considered exocrine and endocrine gland | pancreas |
| produces proteases trypsin, chymotrypsin, amylase, and lipase | pancreas (exocrine function) |
| secretes bicarbonate into the duodenum to neutralize and maintain the ph for proper enzyme function | pancreas |
| produces insulin and glucagon to help regulate blood glucose levels | pancreas (endocrine function) |
| causes glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids in the blood stream to be absorbed and used for energy | beta cells(insulin) |
| increases glucose levels, stimulates liver cells to convert glycogen to glucose(gluconeogenesis | Alpha cells(glucagon) |
| inhibits the secretion of insulin, glucagon, and GH also diminishes the activity of the GI tract | delta cells(somatostatin) |
| starch is converted into disaccharides in the lumen of the duodenum by the pancreatic enzyme | amalyase |
| gastic pepsin breaks apart some protein chains into smaller _____ | polypeptides |
| the bile acid lipid component absorbed through microvilli | Micelles |
| two types of muscle make up the wall of the digestive tube: | skeletal muscle and smooth muscle |
| two types of epithelium line the digestive tube: | stratified squamous epithelium and simple colmnar epithelium |
| contraction of the ________ muscles of the digestive tract narrows that segment of the tube | circular |
| contration of the ___________ muscle fibers shortens the segment of the tube | longitudinal |
| breaks in the underlying mucosa (the epithelium) are called | erosions |
| deep erosions of the stomach are called | gastric ulcers |
| inflammation of the stomach is called | gastritis |
| the _____ is the immediately surrounding the opening from the esophagus to the stomach | cardia |
| when more acetycholine from the PNS is release at the G cells, gastrin is released from the G cells of the pyloric antrum causing: | relaxation of the fundus and simultaneous production of increased amounts of hydrochloric acid |
| these medications can cause a decreased mucous layer with increased acidity, potentially causing gastritis | NSAID |
| enzymes produced by the digestive glands in monogastric animlas cannot digest the _____ and_____ that make up the cell wall of plants | cellulose; pectin |
| the process by with fat globules must be broken down into smaller pieces | emulsification and micelle formation |
| the beta cells in the pancreas are also known as | pancreatic islets; islets of langerhans |
| the process of glycogen being broken down by the liver | glycogenolysis |
Created by:
chop
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