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Bio Midterm
| A cell is defined as what? | The smallest unit of life |
|---|---|
| Rank ionic, hydrogen, polar covalent, and non polar covalent bonds in terms of their bond strength from weakest to strongest. | 1. hydrogen 2. ionic 3. polar covalent 4. non polar covalent |
| Common features of chemical reactions | 1. proceed toward equilibrium 2. require a catalyst 3. take place in watery environments |
| The energy needed for atoms and molecules to move and increase the frequency of interaction can come from? | 1. kinetic energy 2. heat energy |
| An element's atomic____is a relative measure of its protons and neutrons, while its atomic____is solely reflective of its protons. | 1. mass 2. number |
| What type of subatomic particle occurs in each different element in a unique number and is therefore used as an identifier for specific elements? | proton |
| Which two particles make up the majority of the mass of an atom? | 1. protons 2. neutrons |
| Major components of all living organisms. | 1. carbon 2. hydrogen 3. oxygen 4. nitrogen |
| What is the primary difference between a bacterium and an amoeba with respect to the general type of cell they are? | a bacterium is a prokaryotic and an amoeba is a eukaryote |
| What is the primary difference between a prokaryote and a eukaryote reguard to structure? | prokaryote 1. no nucleus bacteria and archaea eukaryote 1. with nucleus fungi, animals, plants, protists |
| True or False? The cells in leg muscle of a poison dart frog contain mitochondria that convert glucose to ATP, giving off CO2. Likewise, the cells in the leaf of a palm plant have mitochondria to break down glucose and these also release CO2. | True |
| The majority of ATP produced during cellular respiration in animal and plant cells occurs during_____________ . | oxidative phosphorylation |
| Polypeptide | is composed of multiple amino acids |
| The majority of ATP produced during cellular respiration in animals occurs in processes that take place in the _____________ | mitochondrial matrix |
| A hole about the size of a molecule of CO2 is punctured through the outer membrane of a mitochondrion and remains there. The effect on this mitochondrion will be________. | diminishing electrochemical H+ ion gradient |
| True or False? An enzyme may increase the free energy change (G) of a biochemical reaction. | False |
| True or False? An enzyme may lower the energy needed to activate a biochemical reaction | True |
| True or False? An enzyme often binds and brings the reactants (substrates) of a chemical reaction closer together. | True |
| Hypothesis | 1. Can be supported through experimentation and data analysis 2. Is a statement which provides an answer to an experimental question |
| Central dogma of life A) DNA is transcribed into mRNA within the cell nucleus of eukaryotes. B) mRNA is translated into a protein via the action of the ribosome. C) mRNA is transcribed in the cytoplasm for prokaryotic organisms. D) DNA,RNA,PROTEIN E) | E |
| Fermentation includes the breakdown of glucose to pyruvate. | True |
| Products of glycolysis | NAD+, NADH, ATP, CO2 , pyruvate |
| Living organisms have cells made of organic_____based molecules | carbon |
| 4 possible components from within the level of a single cell | 1. atom 2. elements 3. molecules 4. compunds |
| 4 possible components from within the level of a single cell | 1. cell 2. tissues 3. organs 4. systems |
| catabolic | break down of compounds |
| anabolic | building of compounds |
| Purines | double ring 1. adenine 2. guanine |
| Pyrimidines | single ring 1. thymine 2. cytosine |
| 3 domains of life | 1. bacteria 2. archea 3. eukarya |
| catabolism | 1. the breaking down of molecules 2. no energy required |
| anabolism | 1. the building of molecules 2. energy required |
| 1st law of thermodynamics | energy cannot be created or destroyed, but change forms |
| 2nd law of thermodynamics | the transfer of energy increases entropy |
| spontaneous processes | 1. changes without outside help (diffusion) 2. increase the stability 3. can only occur if it increases entropy 4. free energy decreases 5. catabolic 6. must give up energy or order 7. negative value for G 8. exergonic |
| non spontaneous processes | 1. require energy 2. decrease stability 3. decrease entropy 4. anabolic 5. endergoinc |
| free energy | 1. the portion of a system;s energy that can do work, G 2. G=H-TS |
| oxidation of glucose | C6H12O6 + 6O2 –> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ENERGY Δ G = -686 kcal/mol exergoinc reverse would be sun->photosynthesis |
| respiration | 1. catabolic 2. decrease in free energy 3. exergonic |
| synthesis | 1. anabolic 2. increase in free energy |
| hydrolysis | 1. the breakdown of phosphate bonds 2. exergonic 3. catabolic |
| atp hydrolysis | 1. removing a water molecule 2. exergoinc |
| phosphorylated | 1. the removal of a phosphate group from ATP->ADP |
| substrates | reactants |
| cofactor | molecule that assists the handshake |
| coenzyemes | cofactors, but are organic |
| what effects the activity of an enzyme? | 1. ph levels 2. temperature 3. salinity 4. organic solvents 5. cofactors |
| competitive inhibitor | other substrates can bind at the enzyme/s active site to reduce the productivity |
| non competitive inhibitor | substances bind to an ezyme at somewhere other than the active site and will enzyme structure and functionality |
| feedback inhibition | the product of a metabolic pathway inhibits an enzyme that acts early in the pathway, thus preventing the overaccumulation of the product |
| allosteric regulation | a molecule can bind noncovalently and affect the function of the active site. The binding of a molecule to an allosteric site causes a conformational change in the enzyme that inhibits its catalytic function. |
| oxidation | 1. the removal of an electron when breaking down organic molecules 2. oxygen is required 3. NAD+ -> NADH |
| reduction | is the additional electron added, - |
| redox reactions | 1. the electron that is removed from oxidation moves to another molecule, becomes reduced 2. TRANSFER OF ELECTRONS |
| chemiosmosis | process for making atp, where energy is stored in an ion electro gradient |
| cellular respiration | 1. way of humans breaking down sugar for energy 2. organic compounds+oxygen=co2+water+heat+energy |
| organic compounds | 1. proteins 2. carbohydrates 3. fats |
| when hydrogens are stripped away from glucose and transfered to an intermediate molecule called_____ | NAD+ 1. electron acceptor important in redox reactions |
| dehydrogenases | enzymes that removes two hydrogens from organic molecules |
| NADH | transfer energy from the electrons to ETC, inner membrane of mitochondira |
| FOOD->NADH->ETC->OXYGEN=EXERGONIC | |
| cellular respiration | 1. glycolysis 2. krebs cycle, citric cycle 3. ETC and oxidative phosphorylation |
| glycolysis | 1. does not require energy 2.occurs in cytosol 3.break down of glucose into pyruvate 4. small amount of ATP created produce is called substrate phosphorylation 5. 6 carbon -> 2, 3 carbon, 2 molecules of pyruvate 6. net 2 atp, 2 NADH 7. aerobic |
| krebs cycle/citric cycle | 1. mitochondrial matrix 2.transfers energy from NADH 3. needs oxygen 4.converted to a molecule acetyl COA 5. production of 2 NADH 6. results in a modified acetate molecule enters krebs cycle 7. free energy transferred to NADH->ETC 8. 6 NADH, 2 FADH |
| ETC & Oxidative phosphorylation | 1. inner membrane space of the mitocondria 2.majority of ATP is synthesized here 3. required oxygen 4. uses NADH and FADH2 5. the elctros in NADH enter the chain called flavoprotein m 3 ATP per NADH |
| mitochondira has two membranes | the ETC is in the inner membrane |
| inner membrane | pumps H+, high conc. in space |
| outer membrane is not permeable to H+ | |
| investing energy, cleavage phase, yielding energy | |
| phosphate transferred from PEP to ADP=PYRUVATE | |
| 2 types of fermentation | alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation |
| active site | |
| transitional site | |
| Primary active transport | involves pumps that directly use energy to generate a solute gradient. |
| Secondary active transport | uses a pre-existing gradient. |
| Peripheral membrane proteins | 1. noncovalently bound to regions of integral membrane proteins that project out from the membrane, or they are bound to the polar head groups of phospholipids 2. bound to the membrane by hydrogen and/or ionic bonds. 3. can be removed from the membrane |
| transmembrane protein | one or more regions that are physically inserted into the hydrophobic region of the phospholipid bilayer. |
| lipid-anchored protein | lipid molecule that is covalently attached to an amino acid side chain within the protein. |
| simple diffusion | 1. molecules until equilibrium is reached 2. passive process, does not require energy 3. molecules more down the conc gradient |
| passive diffusion | same as simple diffusion but needs a membrane |
| facilitated diffusion | requires the transport or carrier protein, help transport different sizes |
| osmosis | 1. movement of water |
| hypertonic | more water |
| hypotonic | less watter |
| isotonic | equal |
| aquaporins | a channel protein that allows facilitated diffusion of water across the bilayer |
| gated channel proteins | allows facilitated diffusion of solute across membrane |
| active transport | 1. low conc to high, against conc grad 2. needs a pump 3. requires energy |
| exocytosis | cell secretes, pushes things out |
| endocytosis | pushes things in 1. phagocytosis (solid material) 2. pinocytosis (small particles) 3. receptor mediated endocytosis |
| As pH decreases, [H+] concentration increases relative to [OH-] concentration | |
| The physician determines that the patient has a dangerously low blood pH (acidemia) of pH=7.0. | intake of a weak base |
| In living organisms, most enzymes, biologically active molecules, specific cells, or even cellular compartments within cells (such as the lysosome) can each function effectively over a broad range of pH values, from very acidic to very basic. | false |
| water molecule is involved in the breaking apart of other molecules aka __. In a__, water molecules are removed when monomers combine to form a growing polymer. For example, the binding of monomers of glucose and fructose results in sucrose, a__ | 1. hydrolysis 2. condensation 3. diasscharide |
| DNA structure | 1. 5 carbon sugar 2. phosphate group 3. nitrogenous base |
| The genetic code found in DNA nucleotide bases is copied or transcribed into _______________, and then later translated into __________________ | 1.mRNA 2. polypeptide |
| An abnormal neuron (nerve cell) of the brain is unable to send a neurotransmitter (a signal) to the next neuron across a synapse. The neuron also has problems with controlling the movement of ions flowing into the cell through ion channels. Defect? | plasma membrane |
| An active muscle cell requires glucose in order to produce ATP, but the cell must first produce specialized proteins to transport sugar from the bloodstream into the cell. In an abnormal cell, no such proteins are observed. | 1. The ribosome is not translating the mRNA strand into a protein 2. a DNA mutation in the gene for this protein prevents proper transcription. |
| Protein sorting mechanisms can direct polypeptides emerging from a ribosome to remain in the cytosol, enter the endoplasmic reticulum and then go to the Golgi, or to go directly from the cytosol to an organelle like the chloroplast. | True |
| What is the type of chemical bond between nitrogenous bases on opposite strands of a DNA double helix? | hydrogen |
| phosphodiester bonds | link the sugar phosphate background along single strand |
| plasma membrane | assymetrical |
| super cold | more unsaturated fatty acids |
| membrane synthesis | occurs in the cytosolic leaflet of the smooth er |
| Which of the following is/are examples of which a solute crosses a membrane, but does not come in physical contact with phospholipid tails? | 1. facilitated diffusion through a channel protein 2. active transport through a pump |
| Which structural features of a membrane contribute to its selective permeability? | 1. transport proteins 2. phospholipid bilayer |
| wrinkly hands and bath | the skin cells are hypertonic |
| Which of the following best describes the selective uptake of specific cargo molecules into the cell, through receptor binding and aggregation? | receptor mediated endo |
| The release of insulin from pancreatic cells occurs by | exocytosis |
| Taken together, the first and second laws of thermodynamics predict that | the potential energy stored in glucose will be converted but not lost, when an organism converts this more highly ordered form of energy to ATP |
| The product of the pathway inhibits its own production by noncompetitively inhibiting the binding of s substrate to the active site of an enzyme within the metabolic pathway | OWN PRODUCTION->NONCOMPETITIVELY INHIBITING |
| when oxygen is utilized to synthesize ATP | aerobic cellular respiration |
| oxidative phosphorylation uses | 1. active transport 2. facilitated diffucion 3. protonmotive force 4. cheiosmosis |
| difference between fermentation and cellular respiration | NADH is oxidized in the ETC in respiration only |
| when electrons flow along the ETC... | the ph of the matrix increases |
| end products of aerobic cell respiration | 1. ATP 2. heat 3. CO2 |
| Citric acid cycle | yeilds ATP, NADH, and FADH2 |
| Which compound has the highest free energy and produces the most ATP when oxidized? | glucose |
| ATP made during glycolysis is generated by | substrate level phosphorylation |
| After glycolysis converts the 6 carbon atoms of glucose into two, 3-carbon pyruvate molecules, what happens next to the pyruvate molecules? | They pass through a mitochondrial protein channel into the intermembrane space, and are then transported across the inner mitochondrial membrane coupled with the diffusion of H+ ions down their concentration gradient |
| primary metabolism | breakdown of organic compounds |
| secondary metabolism | produce compounds that are not necessesary for growth and reproduction |
| if enough ATP is created that it is no longer needed, then the ATP binds to one of the enzymes involved in glycolysis as an ALLOSTERIC INHIBITOR to stop the formation of more products available to feed into the citric acid cycle or oxidative phosphoryla | |
| covalent | strongest bond |
| carbon and hydrogen combine together to make a nonpolar covalent bond | |
| unequal sharing of electrons | polar covalent |
| SH | 1. covalent bond 2. tertiary structure |
| All amino acids within a protein are either polar charged or non polar charged | false |
| rough er->golgi->vesciles->plasma membrane | |
| glycoprotein composition does not efefct fluidity | |
| which would move throught the bilaryer the easiest | alanine |
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