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Pharm - Ch. 82
Principles of Antimicrobial Therapy
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Define chemotherapy | Chemicals against invading organisms |
| Define antibiotic | Chemicals produced by one microorganism and have ability to harm another microorganism |
| Define antimicrobial agent | Any agent that has ability to kill/suppress microorganisms |
| True or false: broad spectrum antibiotics are more potent than narrow spectrum antibiotics | False. The spectrum for antibiotics has no relationship to potency/strength of antibiotic drug. The spectrum refers to ability to kill specific numbers of species. |
| Name three ways antimicrobial drugs can be selectively toxic | 1) By disruption of bacterial cell wall, 2) by inhibiting enzymes unique to bacteria, 3) by disrupting bacterial protein synthesis |
| What is selective toxicity? | Ability to injure target cell or organism without injuring other cells of host. (Based on cellular differences between microbes and hosts.) |
| True or false: narrow-spectrum antibacterial drugs have preference for G+ microbes only | False. Can have preference for Gram negative too. |
| True or false: both broad and narrow spectrum antibacterial drugs can inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis or activate enzymes to disrupt the cell wall | True. Include penicillins and cephalosporins |
| Inhibition of bacterial protein synthesis can be ______ or _______ | Bactericidal or bacteriostatic |
| True or false: antimicrobials which inhibit synthesis of bacterial DNA/RNA only bind directly to nucleic acids | False. Can also interact with enzymes required for nucleic acid synthesis and disrupt DNA/RNA production. |
| What are antimetabolites? | Antimicrobials which interact with enzymes required for producing essential cellular metabolites |
| Name an antimetabolite | Trimethoprim |
| Antifungal drugs _____ membrane ______, which can cause leakage of _______ material | Increase; permeability; intracellular |
| Inhibitors of viral enzymes are called ______ | Antiviral drugs |
| Drug resistance can occur due to alterations in functions/structure. List some examples of this. | 1) Production of drug-metabolizing enzymes, 2) cessation of active uptake of specific antibiotics, 3) alterations in drug receptors (decreasing drug binding), 4) synthesis of compounds antagonizing drug action |
| List two mechanisms of drug resistance that are acquired by changes in microbial DNA | Spotaneous mutation, conjugation |
| Nosocomial infections can occur due to drug resistance, if an antibiotic is used ___ | Too much. More antibiotic used = faster resistance emerges |
| Antibiotics provide ______ pressure | Selective |
| True or false: all antimicrobials promote resistance, but some antibiotics are more likely to promote resistance than others | True. An example includes broad-spectrum drugs. |
| A patient being treated for pneumonia develops a new infection on his skin. This is an example of ______ | Suprainfection |
| True or false: Suprainfection and superinfections may be used synonymously | True |
| Strategies for delaying drug resistance include: 1) using drugs when ______, 2) using ____ whenever possible, 3) reserving ______ _______ for situations when older drug dangerous or ineffective, 4) and limiting use of antimicrobial ______ therapy | 1) only needed, 2) narrow-spectrum agents, 3) newer antibiotics, 4) prophylactic |
| List five host factors that can modify drug selection | 1) host defenses, 2) age, 3) pregnancy/lactation, 4) previous allergic reaction, 5) genetic factors |
| True or false: immunocompromised patients require bacteriostatic drugs | False. Require bactericidal to increase drug benefits. |
| List four drugs that are contraindicated during pregnancy | Tetracyclines, fluoroquinolones, sulfonamides, and trimethoprim |
| One of the most common chemotherapeutic drugs to cause allergic reactions | Penicillin |
| True or false: for antimicrobials, you may need dosages 4-8 times the minimum inhibitory concentration for efficacy | True |
| Antimicrobial chemotherapy must not be ________ ________ | Discontinued prematurely |
| Misues of antimicrobials can result from: | 1) trying to treat untreatable infections, 2) treating fever of unknown origin, 3) improper dosage, 4) lack of identification of organism, 5) omission of surgical drainage |
| Which of the following conditions are appropriate for the nurse to treat using antimicrobials? Common cold, bronchitis, pneumonia, candidiasis, stomach ulcer, sore throat | Pneumonia, candidiasis, stomach ulcer. Less than half the time is it appropriate to treat bronchitis/sore throat and NEVER appropriate to treat common cold with antimicrobial |
Created by:
choel
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