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ATH 370 Final
PSU Paleoanthropology Final - N. Vasey
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Bipedal Traits – is Foramen magnum shifted forward or backward? | forward |
| Bipedal Traits – is rib cage barrel-shaped or not? | barrel-shaped |
| Bipedal Traits – describe the lumbar and cervical region. | Secondary curves of lumbar and cervical region |
| Bipedal Traits – Is the pelvis broad and short or long and narrow? | Shape of pelvis broad and short |
| Bipedal Traits – is the distance between sacroiliac joint and hip joint reduced or increased? | reduced |
| Bipedal Traits – along which plane are the iliac blades oriented? | sagittal plane |
| Bipedal Traits – Describe the size of the legs compared to the arms. | Legs longer than arms and weigh more |
| Bipedal Traits – Which way is the knee joint angled? | Knee joint angled medially |
| Bipedal Traits – How does the big toe (hallux) lie? | Big toe brought in line with other toe |
| Bipedal Traits – is there a longitudinal arch present? | yes. Longitudinal arch (not flat-footed) |
| Are thicker or thinner cranial vault bones shared derived characters for Homo? | Thicker cranial vault bones |
| Is increased or reduced postorbital constiction a shared derived character for Homo? | Reduced postorbital constriction |
| Is increased or decreased contribution of occipital bone to cranial sagittal arc a shared derived character for Homo? | Increased contribution of occipital bone to cranial sagittal arc length |
| Is increased or decreased cranial vault height a shared derived character for Homo? | Increased cranial vault height |
| Is a more posteriorly or anteriorly situated foramen magnum a shared derived character for Homo? | More anteriorly situated foramen magnum |
| Is reduced or increased lower facial prognathism a shared derived character for Homo? | Reduced lower facial prognathism |
| Are widened or narrowed tooth crowns shared derived characters for Homo? | Narrower tooth crowns, particularly mandibular premolars |
| Is a reduction or increase in the length of the molar row a shared derived character for Homo? | Reduction in length of molar row |
| How old are the Early Homo specimens found at the Omo Group (Omo, Koobi Fora, West Turkana), Ethiopia and Kenya? | 2.0 – 1.7 |
| How old are the Early Homo specimens found at Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania? | 1.9 – 1.6 MYA |
| Where is the Early homo site in Kenya? | Chemeron, Kenya |
| How old are the Early Homo specimens found at Uraha, Malawi? | 2.4 MYA |
| How old are the Early Homo specimens found at Hadar, Ethiopia? | 2.3 MYA |
| How old are the Early Homo specimens found at Sterkfontein, South Africa? | 1.8 MYA |
| How old are the Early Homo specimens found at Swartkrans, South Africa? | < 1.8 MYA |
| Why – in the past-- was their resistance to the idea that Homo habilis was a “phyletic link” between Australopithecus and Homo erectus? | Insufficient anatomical distance between A. africanus and H. erectus, including insufficient brain enlargement; Resistance to revise definition of Homo; Behavior not taken into account |
| Two Species of Early Homo and where they have been found | Homo habilis – Olduvai and Koobi Fora (East Turkana); H. rudolfensis (and H. ergaster ) – Turkana Basin |
| What species of early Homo were found at the Omo Group (e.g., Koobi Fora) and to when do the fossils date? | 2.0–1.8 MYA; H. habilis and H. rudolfensis |
| What species of early Homo was found at Olduvai Gorge and to when do the fossils date? | 1.9–1.6 MYA (FLK site); H. habilis |
| What species of early Homo was found at Uraha, Malawi and to when do the fossils date? | 2.4 MYA (Chiwondo Beds); H. rudolfensis |
| How old are the early Homo fossils found at Hadar, Ethiopia? | 2.3 MYA (Kada Hadar Member) |
| What species of early Homo were found at Sterkfontein, South Africa and to when do the fossils date? | 1.8 MYA Homo habilis |
| Is there much post-cranial material of H. rudolfensis? | no, its postcranial traits are largely unknown |
| What post-cranial material of H. rudolfensis do we have? | Hindfoot and femur (as in Homo) |
| Where is H. erectus' greatest cranial breadth? | greatest breadth at base of cranium |
| Describe H. erectus' skull. | Long and low |
| Does H. erectus have a supraorbital torus? | yes |
| Does H. erectus have a Supratoral sulcus? | yes |
| Describe the saggital region of H. erectus. | Midsagittal keel with parasagittal depressions |
| Describe H. erectus' occipital torus. | Transverse occipital torus |
| Describe H. erectus' Glenoid fossa. | deep and narrow |
| How thick are H. erectus' cranial vault bones? | Thick cranial vault bones (9-10 mm) |
| What is the adult cranial capacity of H. erectus | 700-1300 cc (mean = 833 cc) |
| Does H. erectus have alveolar prognathism? | some |
| Are H. erectus' mandibles gracile or robust? | Robust |
| Does H. erectus have a chin? | no, H. erectus has a posteriorly inclined symphysis (no chin) |
| Describe the molar pulp cavities of H. erectus. | Molars with large pulp cavities – taurodont |
| Describe H. erectus' upper incisors. | typically shovel-shaped |
| Zhoukoudian Cave is also known as what? | Dragon Bone Hill |
| Describe the composition of Zhoukoudian Cave. | Limestone breccia layers and non-breccia layers (sand, silt, clay, travertine, ash) |
| Which layers at Zhoukoudian Cave contain hominins? | Layers 3-11 |
| Were stone artifacts found at Zhoukoudian Cave? | yes |
| Where is there possible evidence of the controlled use of fire? | Zhoukoudian Cave |
| What is the date range of known homo erectus occupation of Zhoukoudian Cave? | ~250-600 KYA – Middle Pleistocene |
| What sort of environmental trend is evidenced at Zhoukoudian Cave during the Middle Pleistocene? | Trend toward drier, colder conditions through time |
| gradations of anatomical and genetic changes over geographic space are called what? | Clines |
| gradual evolutionary change and accumulation of traits from ancestor to descendent is called what? | Anagenesis |
| What is the date range of the Pliocene? | 5-1.8 mya |
| When is the date range of the Pleistocene? | 1.8 mya to present |
| What is the base of the Pliocene? | 5.3 MYA - defined via paleomagnetic data & the Messinian salinity crisis |
| What is the base of Pleistocene? | 1.8 MYA – Originally defined via fossil molluscs |
| What is the base of the Middle Pleistocene? | 900 KYA |
| What is the base of the Late Pleistocene? | 127 KYA |
| What is the date range of the Early Pleistocene? | 1.6/8 – 0.9 MYA |
| What is the date range of the Middle Pleistocene? | 0.9 – 0.127 MYA |
| What is the date range of the Late Pleistocene? | 0.127 MYA -- present |
| When was it that African H. erectus (or H. ergaster ) populations were either supplanted or evolved into a highly varied group of hominins? | 0.7 – 0.9 MYA |
| What are the other two names for archaic middle Pleistocene hominins? | called either archaic Homo sapiens, Homo heidelbergensis, or archaic middle Pleistocene hominins |
| Is the anterior dentition of Middle Pleistocene Hominins reduced or enlarged? | enlarged |
| Is the post-canine dentition of Middle Pleistocene Hominins reduced or enlarged? | reduced |
| Did Middle Pleistocene Hominins display dental sexual dimorphism? | yes |
| Did the molar crowns of Middle Pleistocene Hominins become simpler or more complex? | Simplification of molar crowns |
| What is the term for the presence of large tooth pulp cavities? | Taurodontism |
| Date of archaic homo (possible H. erectus) fossils found at Ceprano, Italy | 0.9 MYA (900 KYA) |
| Date of archaic homo (possible H. erectus) fossils found at Boxgrove, England? | ~ 0.5 MYA (500 KYA) |
| Date of archaic homo (possible Homo antecessor) fossils found at Atapuerca, Gran Dolina, Spain? | 0.8 MYA (800 KYA) |
| Where were the earliest archaic homo fossils found IN EUROPE, and when do they date to? | Ceprano, Italy 900KYA |
| Date of the Mauer, Germany, Archaic Homo fossils | 0.5 MYA |
| Date of the Vértesszöllös, Hungary Archaic Homo fossils | 0.25- 0.475 MYA |
| Date of the Shöningen, Germany Archaic Homo fossils | 0.4 MYA |
| Date of the Bilzingsleben, Germany Archaic Homo fossils | 0.23 – 0.34 MYA |
| Date of the Petralona, Greece Archaic Homo fossils | 0.1 – 0.7 MYA |
| Date of the Arago, France Archaic Homo fossils | 0.4 MYA |
| Which locales are the most likely candidates for having the earliest H. erectus fossils in Europe? | Bilzingsleben, Germany (0.23 – 0.34 MYA) and Vértesszöllös, Hungary (0.25- 0.475 MYA) |
| Archaic hominin Middle Pleistocene location in Germany | Steinheim |
| Archaic hominin Middle Pleistocene location in England | Swanscombe |
| Date of the Ehringsdorf, Germany Archaic Homo fossils | 0.225 MYA |
| Date of the Atapuerca, Sima de los Huesos, Archaic Homo fossils | 0.3 MYA |
| When was the site at Atapuerca, Sima de los Huesos worked? | Site worked from 1990 to present |
| When is the site at Atapuerca, Sima de los Huesos dated to? | 300 KYA (U-Series) |
| How was the site at Atapuerca, Sima de los Huesos dated? | Uranium Series (300 KYA) |
| How many AMPHs were found at Atapuerca, Sima de los Huesos? | 28 individuals minimum |
| Is sexual dimorphism apparent at Atapuerca? | Variation in sample suggests substantial sexual dimorphism |
| What is the cranial capacity of the Archaic Hominins found at Atapuerca, Sima de los Huesos? | 1125 – 1390 cc |
| The Cranio-dental anatomy of the AMPHs found at Atapuerca, Sima de los Huesos resemble which other Archaics? | their cranio-dental anatomy spans early and late Archaic groupings |
| Although the archaic hominins found at Atapuerca, Sima de los Huesos are a Mosaic of H. erectus, neandertals, and H. sapiens traits, with which do they share the most traits? | Most features shared with neandertals |
| Date of Archaic Middle Pleistocene Hominin fossils found at Chaoxian, China | < 200 KYA |
| Date of Archaic Middle Pleistocene Hominin fossils found at Dali, China | ~ 200 KYA |
| Date of Archaic Middle Pleistocene Hominin fossils found at Jinnui Shan, China | 200 KYA |
| Some Chinese researchers argue that anatomically modern Chinese evolved directly from whom? | H. erectus. |
| Date of Archaic Hominin fossils found at Bodo, Ethiopia | 0.6 MYA |
| Date of Archaic Hominin fossils found at Broken Hill (Kabwe) | Zambia, 0.125 MYA |
| Date of Archaic Hominin fossils found at Ndutu, Tanzania | 0.4 – 0.2 MYA |
| Do Archaics from Africa resemble neandertals? | none resemble neandertals |
| What can we conclude by the fact that Archaics from Africa do not resemble neandertals? | anatomically modern humans evolved earlier in Africa (and in Near East) than in Europe. |
| When is The Mauer mandible (Archaic Homo sapiens) from Germany dated to? | 500kya -- until recently the oldest known of the European archaic Homo sapiens. |
| How does the Mauer mandible (Archaic Homo sapiens) compare to that of H. erectus? | It has a robust mandibular body and a receding chin as seen in H. erectus, but relatively smaller molars. Other dental trends of Middle Pleistocene hominids are evident. |
| Is the anterior dentition of the Mauer mandible (Archaic Homo sapiens) reduced or enlarged? | Enlarged |
| Is the post-canine dentition of the Mauer mandible (Archaic Homo sapiens) reduced or enlarged? | reduced |
| The Mauer mandible (Archaic Homo sapiens) shows a simplification of what? | molar crowns |
| The Mauer mandible has enlarged pulp chambers. What is this called? | taurodontism |
| The Arago (France) Archaic Homo sapiens specimen is dated to when? | 400 kya |
| What separates the Arago (France) Archaic Homo sapiens specimen's supraorbital tori from the long, flat frontal bone? | a deep supraorbital sulcus |
| What is the cranial capacity of the Arago (France) Archaic Homo sapiens specimen? | large cranial capacity (1,100 cc). |
| Are the cranial bones of the Arago (France) Archaic Homo sapiens specimen thick or thin? | thick |
| Does the Arago (France) Archaic Homo sapiens specimen have an occipital torus? | No, it has a rounded posterior braincase. |
| The Steinheim cranium from Germany is one of the younger of the archaic H. sapiens group from Europe, a group often referred to as what? | anteneandertal. |
| What are some of features that ally the Steinheim cranium (Germany) with earlier archaic H. sapiens? | Long, low flat cranial contour, relatively small cranial capacity, pronounced supraorbital torus with supratoral sulcus. |
| What are some features that ally the Steinheim cranium (Germany) with anatomically modern humans? | No occipital torus or bun, greatest cranial breadth located high across the parietals. |
| The parietal (in conjunction with other cranial bones) which was found at the site of Swanscombe in England is considered to belong to what group? | It is considered one of the younger of the archaic H. sapiens. |
| Are the parietal bones of the Archaic Homo sapiens from Swanscomb, England, thick or thin compared to AMH. | Relatively thick cranial bones compared with anatomically modern humans. |
| When was the cranium of the Archaic Homo sapiens from Ehringsdorf, Germany dated to? | 225 KYA. |
| Does the cranium of the Archaic Homo sapiens from Ehringsdorf, Germany show features of AMHS, ealier archaics, H. erectus, or a combination? | a mix of features seen in both later anatomically modern Homo sapiens and earlier archaics and H. erectus. |
| What H. sapiens feature is seen in the cranium of the Archaic Homo sapiens from Ehringsdorf, Germany? | The frontal bone rises relatively steeply. |
| What earlier archaic homo and H. erectus feature is seen in the cranium of the Archaic Homo sapiens from Ehringsdorf, Germany? | the occipital torus is fairly well developed, as in earlier archaics and H. erectus |
| The ilium found at Kabwe (Broken Hill) was found in association with what? | a cranium (in what was then Rhodesia, and is now Zimbabwe). |
| To when has the Archaic Homo sapiens material found at Kabwe (Broken Hill) been dated? | 125 kya – considerably younger than archaic H. sapiens from Europe. |
| Are the fossils found at Kabwe (Broken Hill) thought to be Neandertal or Homo erectus? | The fossils have variously been considered either African neandertal or Homo erectus. The material exhibits many primitive features similar to those of H. erectus. |
| Name some primitive features found in the Archaic Homo sapiens ilium from Kabwe (Broken Hill) | Well-developed iliac pillar. |
| Are the brow ridges of the Archaic Homo sapiens cranium found at Kabwe (Broken Hill) gracile or heavy? | The cranium has heavy brow ridges |
| Describe the occipital region of the Archaic Homo sapiens cranium found at Kabwe (Broken Hill) | acutely flexed occipital with a prominent torus |
| Where is the maximum skull breadth of the Archaic Homo sapiens cranium found at Kabwe (Broken Hill)? | maximum breadth of skull is low, presumably in mastoid region. |
| Anatomically modern H. sapiens are known from the Late Pleistocene beginning about when? | 125 kya. |
| This Skuhl IV AMHS skull from the Near East is dated to when? | between 80-119 kya. |
| What time period do the artifacts and pottery associated with the Skuhl IV skull and other fossils from the Near East (many of which are burials) come from? | Both middle and upper Paleolithic |
| Who occupied the Skuhl IV skull site at a later time than AMHS? | Neandertals occupied the site later in time, used the same tool kit, and also buried their dead. |
| When do anatomically modern H. sapiens appear in Europe? | 34 kya |
| Is anatomically modern H. sapiens's appearance in Europe (34 kya) earlier or later than in Africa or the Near East? | much later than in either Africa or the Near East, where the oldest anatomically modern humans date to at least 100 kya. |
| When does the oldest anatomically modern material from western Europe, collectively referred to as Cro-magnons, appear? | 30-28 kya |
| Is a Cro-magnon's cranial vault smaller or larger than its ancestors? | Enlarged |
| Describe a Cro-magnon's frontal bone. | steeply ascending |
| Where is a Cro-magnon's greatest skull breadth? | biparietal breadth is greatest |
| Does a Cro-magnon have a nuchal crest? | no |
| Describe a Cro-magnon's occipital region. | round with no nuchal crest |
| Does a Cro-magnon have a sagittal keel? | no |
| Does a Cro-magnon have a suprorbital torus or thick brow ridges? | no |
| Describe a Cro-magnon's mandible. | more gracile with development of a chin. |
| What type of hominid occupied Europe directly before the Cro-magnons? | Neandertals |
| The skull (Wajak I - Anatomically modern H. sapiens from East Asia) from Java is thought to be of Late Pleistocene age based on what? | anatomical comparison with prehistoric Australian aborigines. |
| What does faunal correlation suggest about the Wajak (Anatomically modern H. sapiens from East Asia) material? | it is essentially Recent in age. |
| What has the similarity of the Wajak I material to prehistoric cranial material from Australia been used as evidence for? | regional continuity between East Asia and Australia. |
| Neandertal material from La Ferrassie is dated to when? | between 60-75 KYA. |
| Who were the first hominids known to bury their dead? | Neandertals |
| La Ferrassie is the sight of eight known burials of which group of hominids? | Neandertals |
| What is the significance of the short, broad ilium of the australopithecine from Swartkrans? | The short broad ilium in particular is an adaptation for bipedalism. |
| Is an australopithecine's pelvic bone more like that of a human or a gorilla? | it is more like that of a modern human – short and broad. |
| La Chapelle-aux-Saints, France, is a site where which group of hominids was found? | Neandertals |
| Where, and during what time period, did Neandertals gradually develop their unique suite of cranial and postcranial features? | Europe, between 300-35 kya. |
| What are many Neandertal postcranial features adaptations to? | living in cold climates. |
| When do Neandertals dissappear abruptly from the fossil record? | by 29 kya. |
| Describe the braincase of Neandertals. | Large, long, and low braincase, – wider at middle or bottom |
| Describe the eye orbits of Neandertals. | high and rounded |
| Did Neandertals have high or low foreheads? | low foreheads |
| Describe the occipital bone of Neandertals. | bulging occipital bone |
| Describe the brow ridges of Neandertals. | double-arched |
| Describe the cheeks of Neandertals. | inflated cheekbones which slope backward. |
| Did Neandertals have large or small noses? | large, voluminous noses |
| Describe the midfaces of Neandertals. | midfacial projection |
| Did Neandertals have a strongly or weakly developed chin? | weakly |
| Where is the retromolar gap located on Neandertals? | behind 3rd molar |
| Where is the mental foramen of Neandertals usually located? | under the 1st molar |
| Is the mastoid process of Neandertals larger or smaller than modern humans? | smaller |
| On what continent was The Bodo cranium (Archaic Homo sapiens) discovered? | Africa |
| The Bodo cranium (Archaic Homo sapiens) is from sediments dated to when? | 600 kya, squarely within the Middle Pleistocene. |
| Did the hominids at Bodo began using Acheulian tools and abandoning Oldowan tools earlier or later than elsewhere in Africa? | substantially later (600 kya) than elsewhere in Africa. |
| Does the Bodo cranium (Archaic Homo sapiens) have thick or thin bones? | thick |
| Does the Bodo cranium (Archaic Homo sapiens) have brow ridges or a supraorbital torus? | brow ridges |
| Does the Bodo cranium (Archaic Homo sapiens) have a small or pronounced glabellar region between the eyes? | pronounced |
| Does the frontal bone of the Bodo cranium (Archaic Homo sapiens) recede as in other archaic H. sapiens or rise steeply as in anatomically modern H. sapiens? | it recedes |
| Average capacity of autralopith crania | 413-530 cc |
| Were austrolopith cranial bones thick or thin? | thin |
| Had austrolopiths' temporal lobes expanded or contracted? | expanded |
| With time, austrolopith faces become what? | shorter, deeper and more massive |
| How would you describe and austolopith's post-canine teeth? | megadontia |
| Austrolopith skull bones contained pockets of air, so they are characterized as being what? | pneumatized |
| With time, did austrolopith's sagittal and nuchal crests grow larger or smaller? | larger |
| Over time, did austrolopith's anterior pillars develop, or reduce? | develop |
| What is considered the potential root species of all later hominins? | Ardipithecus ramidus |
| How does Ardipithecus ramidus differ from australopithecines and resemble a presumed ape ancestor? | large canines, thin enamel, and primitive P3 anatomy |
| Did Ardipithecus ramidus have large or small canines? | large |
| Was Ardipithecus ramidus' tooth enamel thick or thin? | thin |
| How could one describe Ardipithecus ramidus' P3 anatomy? | primitive |
| Did Ardipithecus ramidus have postcanine megadontia? | no |
| What indicates Ardipithecus ramidus' possible bipedalism? | anterior placement of occipital condyles and foramen magnum. |
| Who was Australopithecus anamensis ancestral to? | A. afarensis |
| Did Australopithecus anamensis have thick or thin tooth enamel? | Thick |
| Did Australopithecus anamensis have megadontia? | yes, buccolingual megadontia |
| How would you describe Australopithecus anamensis' megadontia? | buccolingual megadontia |
| How does Australopithecus anamensis differ from other australopiths? | it had parallel mandibular tooth rows, canines with long robust roots, and a small, elliptical ear hole (EAM) |
| How were Australopithecus anamensis' mandibular tooth rows arranged? | parallel |
| Describe Australopithecus anamensis' canine roots. | long and robust |
| Describe Australopithecus anamensis' ear hole. | small and elliptical (EAM) |
| What characteristics of Australopithecus anamensis indicate bipedalism? | Tibial plateau and straight tibial shaft. |
| Describe Australopithecus afarensis' craniodental features in relation to pongids and hominids | Craniodentally intermediate between pongids and later hominids |
| How big was “Lucy” (Australopithecus afarensis)? | 3.5 ft tall and 30 kg |
| Was Australopithecus afarensis bipedal? | yes, but not as in modern Homo |
| Describe the arms and phalanges of Australopithecus afarensis | Long arms and curved phalanges |
| Did Australopithecus afarensis display sexual dimorphism? | yes, a great degree of sexual dimorphism |
| Describe Australopithecus africanus' cranium | Dolichocephalic (long, narrow) |
| Did Australopithecus africanus have a supraorbital torus? | yes |
| Were Australopithecus africanus' eye orbits circular as in Homo? | yes |
| Did Australopithecus africanus have a prognathic face? | Yes, slight facial prognathism. |
| Describe Australopithecus africanus' dental arch | Parabolic |
| Did Australopithecus africanus have a diastema? | no |
| Describe the position of Australopithecus africanus' foramen magnum. | Forward |
| Describe Australopithecus africanus' brain in relation to apes. | large relative to apes, but with apelike sulcal patterns |
| What was the approximate brain size of Austrolopithecus robustus? | 530 cc |
| Describe Austrolopithecus robustus' face | Face hafted high (little forehead) |
| Did Austrolopithecus robustus have large or small brow ridges? | large |
| Describe Austrolopithecus robustus teeth. | Reduced anterior dentition/ post-canine megadontia, with prominent anterior pillars |
| Was Austrolopithecus robustus' enamel thick or thin? | Thick |
| Were the sagittal and nuchal crests of Australopithecus boisei/A. Aethiopicus accentuated? | yes |
| Were the cranial bones of Australopithecus boisei/A. Aethiopicus pneumatized? | yes, heavily. |
| Describe the foreheads of Australopithecus boisei/A. Aethiopicus. | Low or absent forehead |
| Describe the faces of Australopithecus boisei/A. Aethiopicus | Long, flat face |
| Describe the jaws and teeth of Australopithecus boisei/A. Aethiopicus | Huge jaws and postcanine megadontia |
| Were Australopithecus boisei/A. Aethiopicus sexually dimorphic? | yes (34 kg vs 49 kg) |
| Are there numerous Australopithecus boisei/A. Aethiopicus postcranial remains? | no, few isolated postcranial remains |
| What features did Australopithecus aethiopicus share with A. afarensis? | Flat, shallow palate; Pronounced subnasal prognathism; Large anterior teeth; Maxillary dental arch converges posteriorly; Flat cranial base & TMJ fossa |
| Describe the palate of Australopithecus aethiopicus. | Flat, shallow palate |
| Did Australopithecus aethiopicus have pronounced subnasal prognathism? | yes |
| Describe the anterior teeth of Australopithecus aethiopicus | large |
| Describe the maxillary dental arch of Australopithecus aethiopicus? | it converges posteriorly |
| Describe the cranial base of Australopithecus aethiopicus | Flat |
| Did Australopithecus aethiopicus have a TMJ fossa? | yes |
| How does the postcanine dentition of Australopithecus garhri compare to that of A. afarensis? | Larger postcanine dentition |
| Describe the anterior dentition of Australopithecus garhri | large |
| Does Australopithecus garhri have the craniodental features of the “robust” lineage? | no |
| Describe post cranial traits of Australopithecus garhri | Femoral elongation but still retains relatively long forearms (e.g., as in A. afarensis) |
| Who is Australopithecus garhri descended from? | A. afarensis |
| Who is Australopithecus garhri ancestor to? | Homo |
| are small anterior teeth a robust or gracile feature? | Robust |
| is postcanine megadontia a robust or gracile feature? | Robust |
| are large sagittal crests a robust or gracile feature? | Robust |
| are zygomatic arches a robust or gracile feature? | Robust |
| Is an absent forehead a robust or gracile feature? | Robust |
| Is post-orbital constriction a robust or gracile feature? | Robust |
| Are large brow ridges a robust or gracile feature? | Robust |
| are large anterior teeth a robust or gracile feature? | gracile |
| is a projecting face (prognathous) a robust or gracile feature? | gracile |
| are smaller postcanine teeth a robust or gracile feature? | gracile |
| are small or absent sagittal crests (smaller muscle attachments) a robust or gracile feature? | gracile |
| is a higher cranial vault (forehead), a robust or gracile feature? | gracile |
| is weak post-orbital constriction a robust or gracile feature? | gracile |
| are weak brow ridges a robust or gracile feature? | gracile |
| Describe H. Habilis' postcanine crowns. | Buccolingually narrow |
| Is H. habilis' M3 enlarged or reduced? | reduced |
| Were H. habilis' limb proportions and forelimb robusticity apelike? | maybe (hey, that's what the powerpoint says) |
| Was H. habilis' hand like that of apes or humans? | Hand is a mosaic of human and ape |
| Were the distal phalanges of H. habilis thin or wide? | Wide distal phalanges |
| Describe the flexor attachments on H. habilis' metacarpals. | Large flexor attachments on metacarpals |
| Is H. habilis' femur similar to australopiths or modern humans? | austrolopiths |
| What is the mean brain size of H. habilis sensu stricto? | 610 cc |
| Does H. habilis' cranium display an enlarged contribution of occipital to sagittal arc? | yes |
| Does H. habilis' parietals have a larger coronal or sagittal chord? | coronal |
| Is H. habilis' upper face or midface broader? | Upper face breadth is greater than midface breadth |
| Describe H. habilis' Malar (cheekbone region)? | the surface is vertical, not dished out like Austrolopiths |
| Is H. habilis' palate elongated or shortened compared to its predecessors? | shortened |
| what is the brain size of australopiths similar to? | that of extant (living) apes |
| was brain size expansion an early trend in hominid evolution? | no |
| did brain size expansion or bipedalism came first in hominid evolution? | bipedalism |
| Was the Ontogeny (maturation pattern) of australopiths like apes or humans? | apes |
| Name 3 important trends in the Genus Homo | Larger body size; Larger brain size (600 cc or more); Reduced sexual dimorphism |
| Was H. habilis' Maxilla and mandible larger or smaller than that of Australopiths? | smaller |
| What was H. habilis' average brain size? | 650 cc |
| Did H. habilis have slight or strong muscle markings, or was there a range? | a range of slight to strong |
| Describe the parietal bone curvature in H. habilis' sagittal plane. | it varies from slight to moderate |
| Describe the angle of H. habilis' occipital curvature. | Wide angle curvature to occipital |
| Who displays the first evidence for Broca’s area, a speech area in left cerebral cortex? | H. habilis |
| Were H. habilis' incisors large or small? | large |
| Were H. habilis' molars larger or smaller than Australopiths or H. erectus, or did it overlap both ranges? | it overlapped the ranges of both Austrolopiths and H. erectus |
| Describe H. habilis' canines in relation to its premolars. | canines are large relative to premolars |
| Describe H. habilis' premolars in comparison to Austrolopiths. | Premolars narrower than in Australopiths |
| Were H. habilis's teeth relatively narrow buccolingually and elongated mesiodistally? | yes |
| Were H. habilis's teeth relatively narrow mesiodistally and elongated buccolingually? | no - H. habilis's teeth were relatively narrow buccolingually and elongated mesiodistally |
| Describe the terminal phalanges of H. habilis. | broad, as in humans |
| Describe the middle phalanges of H. habilis. | curved, robust middle phalanges with marked flexor insertions, as in apes |
| Had the thumb joint (carpometacarpal) of H. habilis become human-like? | yes |
| Describe the big toe of H. habilis | Stout, adducted big toe (non-opposable) human-like |
| Describe the foot of H. habilis | Well-marked longitudinal and transverse arches, human-like |
| What year was OH 62 found? | 1986 |
| Is OH 62's Palate and teeth similar to H. habilis specimens? | yes |
| What is OH 62's Humerofemoral index? | 95 (modern humans: 75; A. afarensis: 85) |
| Describe OH 62's arms. | Very long, apelike |
| How big was OH 62? | Tiny individual, smaller than Lucy and any other known fossil hominins |
| How old was OH 62 in comparison to Lucy and other known fossil hominins? | 1 MY younger |
| A simple way of describing OH 62 is: | Larger brained, tiny, ape-limbed thing |
| How does OH 62 not fit into the trend towards modern humans? | Trend toward modern humans was supposed to involve larger bodies and brains |
| How much later than OH 62 did H. erectus appear? | There is an awkward juxtaposition of relatively modern H. erectus (KNM WT 15000) just 0.2 MY later |
| What is the mean brain size of H. rudolfensis? | 751 cc |
| Was H. rudolfensis' frontal lobe symmetrical or asymmetrical? | asymmetry as in later Homo |
| Did H. rudolfensis' parietals have a larger sagittal or parietal chord? | saggital |
| Was H. rudolfensis' midface or upper face broader? | Midface breadth greater than upper face breadth |
| Describe the incline of H. rudolfensis' cheek bones. | Anteriorly inclined cheek bones |
| Did H. rudolfensis have narrow or broad postcanine crowns? | Broad |
| Were H. rudolfensis' M3's reduced? | No M3 reduction |
| What is the mean brain size of H. rudolfensis? | 751 cc |
| Was H. rudolfensis' frontal lobe symmetrical or asymmetrical? | asymmetry as in later Homo |
| Did H. rudolfensis' parietals have a larger sagittal or parietal chord? | saggital |
| Was H. rudolfensis' midface or upper face broader? | Midface breadth greater than upper face breadth |
| Describe the incline of H. rudolfensis' cheek bones. | Anteriorly inclined cheek bones |
| Did H. rudolfensis have narrow of braod postcanine crowns? | Broad |
| Were H. rudolfensis' M3's reduced? | No M3 reduction |
| What is the age of the earliest AMHS found to date? | ~ 160 KYA |
| What sort of tools did Archaic MP hominins use? | Early Stone Age tools |
| For how long was AMHS associated with Middle Stone Age tools? | for over half of Late Pleistocene |
| Oldowan and Acheulian belong to Lower, Middle, or Upper Paleolithic? | Lower (Early Stone Age) |
| Mousterian belongs to Lower, Middle, or Upper Paleolithic? | Middle Stone Age (Middle Paleolithic) (cores and flakes) |
| Blade tools and microliths hafted to wood or bone handles belong to Lower, Middle, or Upper Paleolithic? | Late Stone Age (Upper Paleolithic) |
| Which hominids are associated with Oldowan tools? | A. boisei; A. robustus; H. habilis; Other early Homo; H. erectus; AMPHs (Bodo, Africa) |
| When was the earliest appearance of Olduwan tools? | 2.5 MYA (Africa) |
| Which hominin species are associated with Acheulian tools? | H. erectus; AMPHs; H. heidelbergensis (Atapuera, Gran Dolina) |
| When was the earliest appearance of Acheulian tools? | 1.4 MYA (Africa) |
| Which hominin species are associated with Middle Paleolithic tools? | Neandertals; Anatomically Modern Homo sapiens |
| What is the time frame for Middle Paleolithic tools? | 100-200 KYA |
| Which hominin species are associated with Upper Paleolithic tools? | AMHS (Saint- Césaire, Arcy-sur-cure, France) |
| Earliest appearance of Upper Paleolithic tools? | 40-45 KYA (Africa and Asia) |
| What changes are visible in the cranial vault of Anatomically Modern H. sapiens? | Cranial vault enlarged and elevated; Cranial bones thinner |
| Where is the greatest cranial breadth on Anatomically Modern H. sapiens? | Biparietal breadth > biauricular region |
| Describe the occipital region of Anatomically Modern H. sapiens. | round Occipital region |
| Describe the superior orbital margins of Anatomically Modern H. sapiens. | Crest-like superior orbital margins |
| Did prognathism increase or decrease in Anatomically Modern H. sapiens? | Reduced prognathism and short face |
| Did Anatomically Modern H. sapiens' alveolar processes increase or reduce? | Reduced alveolar processes |
| Did Anatomically Modern H. sapiens have a canine fossa? | yes, they developed canine fossa |
| Did Anatomically Modern H. sapiens' mandible become more or less robust? | Reduced mandibular robusticity |
| What is the brain size of Anatomically Modern H. sapiens? | Brain size 1000-2000cc (mean, 1300cc) |
| How adapted for speech were Anatomically Modern H. sapiens? | Brain and vocal tract fully adapted for speech |
| Did Anatomically Modern H. sapiens' upper limbs become more or less muscular? | Reduced upper-limb muscularity |
| Behaviorally modern is defined by archaeologists as what? | a transition from Middle to Upper Paleolithic cultures |
| When did the shift to behavioral modernism occur in Central and Eastern Europe? | ~ 40-45 KYA; AMHS appear ~35 KYA |
| Did the shift to behavioral modernism occur earlier or later in the Near East and Africa than in Central and Eastern Europe? | Transition occurred slightly earlier in Near East and in Sub- saharan Africa |
| Is there a one-to-one correspondence between stone tool cultures and AMHS? | No |
| Further examples of behavioral modernism: | More objects of personal adornment; Art; More elaborate and substantial shelters; More sophisticated weapons; Specialized hunting of game species |
| Die Kelders Cave (Africa) contains AMHS layers from which parts of the Stone Age? | Middle and Late Stone Age layers |
| When are the MSA layers at Die Kelders Cave (Africa) dated to? | 57-71 KYA |
| What sort of tools were found at Die Kelders Cave (Africa)? | Elongated flake tools |
| What were the Animal remains found at Die Kelders Cave (Africa) indicative of? | less broad and daring diet than in Late Stone Age |
| Equus Cave contained tools from which parts of the Pleistocene? | Middle and Late Stone Age tools |
| What years do the MSA layers at Equus span? | 33-103 KYA |
| What was found at Equus Cave? | 12 AMHS teeth and a mandible |
| Were the fossils found at Equus Cave found directly with MSA tools? | No |
| Klasies River Mouth contains Middle Stone Age layers with human inhabitants dated to what time frame? | 120-60 KYA |
| Is the postcranial material found at Klasies River Mouth fully modern? | yes |
| Is the cranial material found at Klasies River Mouth robust and strongly sexually dimorphic? | yes, yet still modern |
| There is evidence at Klasies River Mouth of the consumption of what kinds of food? | Shellfish, sea and land mammals, plants |
| What location contained possible evidence of cannibalism? | Klasies River Mouth |
| Border Cave (AMHS) contains Middle Paleolithic levels dating to when? | 33-175 KYA |
| What was found at Border Cave? | AMHS Cranial vault, mandibles, infant skeleton, postcranial fragments |
| Where was one of the only ornaments and the only grave known in South African MSA context found? | Border Cave – Infant appears to have been buried and left with a sea shell |
| What Upper Paleolithic feature is evidenced at Border Cave? | Evidence for hafting |
| When is the material from Florisbad (Africa) dated to? | 250 KYA |
| How does the fossil cranium from Florisbad (Africa) resemble AMPHs? | Projecting brow ridges and face as in archaic Middle Pleistocene hominins |
| How does the fossil cranium from Florisbad (Africa) resemble AMHS? | Broad, round forehead as in AMHS |
| What is the date for the AMHS cranium found at Omo 1 (Kibish Formation)? | 130 KYA |
| What is the date range for the AMHS fossils found at Jebel Irhoud? | 90-125 KYA |
| Do the AMHS fossils found at Omo appear to be extensions of Mediterranean hominins? | No. Not extensions of Mediterannean hominins, but more like other African material |
| Where are Neandertals primarily known to be from? | Europe |
| What sort of tools are Neadertals associated with? | Neandertals are associated with Middle Paleolithic tools |
| What are 3 locations of early Neandertal discoveries? | Engis Cave, Forbes Quarry, Feldhofer Cave; (Neander Valley) |
| what are the 3 hypotheses regarding the relationship between AMHS and Neandertals? | Peripheral and genetically isolated from AMHS; Evolutionary continuity between Neandertals and AMHS; Archaic group that went extinct while a distinct group evolved contemporaneously into AMHS, sometimes in same geographic region. |
| Describe Neandertal's cranial vault. | Vault long, low, and wide |
| Were Neandertal's facials skeletons strong or weak? | Massive facial skeleton |
| Describe the shape of Neandertal's supraorbital tori? | Supraorbital tori semicircular |
| Describe Neandertal's occipital region. | Angled occipital bone with bunning |
| Did Neandertal's have taurodontism? | yes |
| Describe Neandertal's incisors. | Large incisors, often shovel-shaped, with unusual wear pattern |
| Describe Neandertal's mandible. | Mandible: retromolar space, mental foramen posterior, no chin |
| Were Neandertal's vertebral columns lightly or heavily built? | Heavily built vertebral column |
| Describe Neandertal's scapula. | Broad scapula |
| Describe Neandertal's humerus | Robust humerus with massive head |
| Describe Neandertal's radius | Laterally bowed radius |
| Describe Neandertal's distal phalanx (on the thumb). | Long distal phalanx on thumb. |
| Describe Neandertal's Pelvis. | dorsally rotated ilium and long pubic ramus |
| Describe Neandertal's cortical thickness (in the femur) | Massive cortical thickness in femur |
| Were Neandertal's brachial and crural indices high or low? | Low brachial and crural indices |
| Did Neandertals have foresight and mental templates suggestive of symbolic thinking? | yes |
| Did Neandertals bury their dead? | yes |
| Did Neandertals have an artistic sense? | yes |
| Did Neandertals care for members of their societies who were disabled and/or old? | yes |
| Did Neandertals have speech? | possibly |
| When did Neandertals occupy Western Europe? | they evolved gradually but disappeared abruptly (300- 29 KYA) |
| When did AMHS appear first in Eastern Europe? | ~ 35 kya |
| When did AMHS appear in Western Europe? | later than in Eastern Europe ~ 28-30 KYA (Cro-Magnons) |
| Who brought Aurignacian tools to Western Europe? | AMHS |
| What model do Most Old World archaeologists prefer for Western Europe? | Out of Africa model |
| Was there continuity in material culture and anatomy between Neandertals and H. sapiens in Central and Eastern Europe? | Fossil and archaeological record supports Multiregional Continuity |
| the Szletian Upper Paleolithic assemblage has strong characteristics of what other subdivision of the Paleolithic? | Middle Paleolithic |
| To when are the AMHS fossils found at Předmosti, Moravia dated? | 26 KYA |
| Which site has the largest sample of Upper Paleolithic people in Eastern Europe? | Předmosti, Moravia |
| What contributed to the large sample of Upper Paleolithic people at Předmosti, Moravia? | A mass grave |
| Briefly describe the cranial and postcranial anatomy of the AMHS found at Předmosti, Moravia. | Some Neandertal features in crania but postcrania fully modern |
| Did the site at Předmosti, Moravia contain more than AMHS material? | yes, 1000s of bone, stone, and antler tools |
| To when are the Hominids found at Krapina, Croatia dated? | Hominids dated to 130 KYA (levels 3-4) |
| Where is the most extensive sample of Neandertals known from a single locality? | Krapina, Croatia |
| Are the Neandertals from Krapina, Croatia anatomically aligned with Neandertals from Western Europe? | yes |
| Was was found at Vindija, Croatia? | Over 80 Neandertal fragments |
| Briefly describe the cranial features of the skulls from Vindija, Croatia. | Some cranial features intermediate between Neandertals and AMHS |
| Neandertals in youngest layers at Vindija, Croatia are associated with what sort of tools? | a single Aurignacian tool |
| are both Neandertals and AMHS associated with Middle Paleolithic tools? | yes |
| When was the transition to Upper Paleolithic tools? | ~ 40 KYA |
| Was the transition to Upper Paleolithic tools before or after the appearance of AMHS? | after the appearance of AMHS |
| Are some AMHS sites in Eastern Europe as old as some African sites? | yes ~ 120 KYA |
| How long may have Neandertals and early modern humans co-existed in Eurasia? | for over 50 KYA |
| Describe the cranial anatomy of the AMHS found at Skuhl, Israel. | Mosaic of modern and Neandertal features but even hominids from oldest levels (80- 119 KYA) are anatomically modern postcranially |
| What sort of tools were being used at the Skuhl, Israel site? | Middle and Upper Paleolithic artifacts (and pottery) |
| To when do the fossils found at Qafzeh, Israel date? | 90-100 KYA |
| What was located at Qafzeh, Israel? | Three AMHS burials with grave items |
| Were the AMHS fossils found at Qafzeh, Israel anatomically similar to those found at Skhul? | yes |
| What does the larger amount of commensal rodents at the Qafzeh, Israel AMHS site (compared to Neandertal sites) suggest? | possibly longer residence? |
| What could the femoral anatomy of the AMHS specimens from Qafzeh, Israel indicate? | may indicate a more sedentary population compared to Neandertals |
| Where is one of longest records of stone tool change though the Middle and Upper Pleistocene (400/200 KYA – 46 KYA)? | Tabun Cave, Israel |
| What is the time frame for the Neandertals found at Tabun Cave, Israel? | Neandertals date from 130-85 KYA |
| Are the dates of the Neandertals found at Tabun Cave, Israel similar to AMHS sites? | yes |
| How old is the Neandertal material from Kebara Cave, Israel? | 60 KYA – younger than some of the AMHS from region! |
| What was found at Kebara Cave, Israel? | Adult male skeleton with most complete known Neandertal pelvis and an intact hyoid bone |
| How old is the Neandertal material from Shanidar Cave, Iraq? | 45-60 KYA – Younger than AMHS from area! |
| Where was the largest sample of Neandertal skeletons found in the Near East found? | Shanidar Cave, Iraq (7 adults, 2 infants) |
| Is there much cranial variation between the specimens from Shanidar Cave, Iraq? | Considerable cranial variation |
| Was there much trauma to the specimens from Shanidar Cave, Iraq? | Extremely high incidence of trauma, a common pattern in Neandertals |
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