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Ot chapter 19
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Flaccidity | absence of tone |
| Hypotonus | decrease in normal muscle tone (i.e., low tone) |
| Hypertonus | increased muscle tone |
| spasticity | velocity-dependent increase in tonic stretch reflexes |
| Rigidity | simultaneous increase in muscle tone of agonist and antagonist muscles |
| Clonus | repetitive contractions in the antagonistic muscles in response to rapid stretch |
| Equilibrium reactions | help one sustain or keep a position. They are the “ first line of defense against falling |
| Protective Reactions | the second line of defense against falling if the equilibrium reactions cannot correct a balance perturbation. They consist of protective extension of the arms and hands |
| Righting Reactions | help one assume a position. Automatic reactions maintain and restore the normal position of the head in space and the normal relationship of the head to the trunk, as well as the normal alignment of the trunk and limbs. |
| Asymmetric Tonic NeckReflex (ATNR) | The client with an asymmetric tonic neck reflex may have difficulty maintaining the head in midline while moving the eyes toward or past midline. |
| Symmetric Tonic Neck Refl ex (STNR) | will be unable to support the body weight on hands and knees, to maintain balance in a quadruped position, or to crawl normally without fi xating the head. |
| Positive Supporting Reaction | rigid extension of the lower extremities due to co-contraction of the flexors and extensors of the knee and hip joints. |
| Crossed Extension Reflex | increased extensor tone in one leg when the other leg is flexed. |
| Flexor Withdrawal | flexion of the ankle, knee, and hip when the sole of the foot is touched (swiped heel to ball of foot). This reflex clearly interferes with gait pattern and transfers. |
| Grasp Reflex | will not be able to release objects placed in the hand, even if active finger extension is present |
| Coordination | the ability to produce accurate, controlled movement. Characteristics of coordinated movement include smoothness, rhythm, appropriate speed, refinement |
| Ataxia | is manifested as delayed initiation of movement responses, errors in range and force of movement, and errors in the rate and regularity of movement. |
| Adiadochokinesis | an inability to perform rapid alternating movements such as pronation and supination or elbow flexion and extension. |
| Dysmetria | an inability to estimate the ROM necessary to reach the target of movement; Hypermetria and hypometria |
| Dyssynergia | is a “ decomposition of movement ” in which voluntary movements are broken up into their component parts and appear jerky. |
| Rebound Phenomenon of Holmes | the lack of a check reflex, that is, the inability to stop a motion quickly to avoid striking something. |
| Chorea | irregular, purposeless, involuntary, coarse, quick, jerky, and dysrhythmic movements of variable distribution. These movements may occur during sleep |
| Athetoid Movements | are continuous, slow, worm like, arrhythmic movements that primarily affect the distal portions of the extremities. |
| Dystonia | results in persistent posturing of the extremities (e.g., in hyperextension or hyperfl exion of the wrist and fingers), often with concurrent torsion of the spine and associated twisting of the trunk |
| Ballism | is a rare symptom that is produced by continuous, abrupt contractions of the axial and proximal musculature of the extremity. |
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