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vt pharmacology
midterm review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| the study of how a drug moves through the body | pharmacokinetics |
| the treatment of disease through the administration of drugs | pharmacotherapy |
| the study of drugs | pharmacology |
| The branch of chemistry that is concerned with the rates of change in the concentration of reactants in a chemical reaction | kinetics |
| use of a drug in a way or for a purpose not specified on the label, or more practically the documents provided by the manufacturer | extra-label drugs |
| A therapeutic agent that does not require a prescription, which the FDA feels can be safely self-prescribed by non-physicians | over the counter drugs |
| any drug regulated under the Controlled Substances Act | controlled substances |
| the ability or tendency to produce cancer | carcinogenicity |
| An agent, such as a virus, a drug, or radiation, that causes malformation of an embryo or fetus. | teratogenicity |
| dose that kills 50% of the animals receiving it | lethal dose LD50 |
| a dose can only be called effective if it causes a desired effect in 50% of the animals that recieve it | effect dose ED50 |
| the margin of safety of a medication | therapeutic index |
| test of a drugs effect on a particular physiological system | system oriented screen |
| a length of time necessary for the drug to leave body tissues and/or bodily fluids | withdrawal time |
| Acting on the body with the same strength and similar bioavailability as the same dosage of a sample of a given substance. | bioequivalency |
| a precise description of the substance based on its chemical structure | chemical name |
| official identifying name of the drug | generic(nonproperietary) name |
| establishes legal proprietary recognition for the corporation that developed the drug | brand name |
| date before which a drug meets all specifications and after which the drug should no longer be used | expiration date |
| these medications are ordered to a pharmacist, written by a licensed doctor | prescription |
| To deal out in parts or portions; distribute | dispensing |
| movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration that doesn't require energy | passive diffusion |
| passive diffusion that uses a special carrier molecule | facilitated diffusion |
| molecules move against the concentration gradient from areas of low concentration to areas of high concentration that uses a carrier molecule and requires energy | active transport |
| molecules are physically engulfed by the cell | phagocytosis |
| movement of drug from the site of administration into the fluids of the body that will carry it to its sites of action | drug absorption |
| percent of drug administered that actually enters the systemic circulation | bioavailability |
| when drugs change body compartments they may become ionized and trapped in the new environment | ion trapping |
| the removal of a drug from the body(excretion) | drug elimination |
| The time required for half the quantity of a drug or other substance deposited in a living organism to be metabolized or eliminated by normal biological processes | half-life |
| when there is a process with numerous properties that are unchanging in time. | steady state |
| specialized proteins located on the cell membrane, in the cytoplasm, or within the nucleus of cells | receptors |
| the strength of binding between a drug and its receptor | affinity |
| drug that binds to a cell receptor and causes a positive action | agonist |
| drug that inhibits or blocks the response of a cell when the drug is bound to the receptors | antagonist |
| substances that are 100% pure | pure drug |
| concentrated solution from which more dilute solutions are made | stock solution |
| substance in which another substance is dissolved | solvent |
| inert substance used for dilution | diluent |
| drops of IV fluids per unit of time | drip rate |
| an older system of measurement based on grains or drams | apothecary system |
| adding a solvent to a concentrated drug to make a solution | reconstitution |
| amount of drug per body weight | dosage |
| how frequently the dosage is given | dosage interval |
| dosage and the dosage interval together | dosage regimen |
| amount of drug administered to the patient | dose |
| initial dose given to get the drug concentration up to the therapeutic range in a very short period of time | loading dose |
| dose that keeps the drug in the therapeutic range | maintenance dose |
| total amount of drug delivered in a 24 hour period | total daily dose |
| subQ or SQ | subcutaneous |
| ID | intradermal |
| IV | intravenous |
| IO | intraosseous |
| IT | intrathecal |
| IM | intramuscular |
| IP | intraperitoneal |
| PO | per os/ by mouth |
| TD | transdermal |
| Of, relating to, or being within the intestine. | enteral |
| by means other than through the digestive tract | parenteral |
| To administer too large a dose or too many doses to | relative overdose |
| CRI | a constant rate infusion of any drug/medication |
| the point at which nerves and muscles interface and neurotransmitters work | neuromuscular junction |
| amount of blood pumped out of the heart in one minute, stroke volume x rate | cardiac output |
| amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle at the end of the cardiac cycle | stroke volume |
| fore of contractions | contractility |
| irregular heart beat | arrhythemia |
| volume of blood entering the right side of the heart before contraction | preload |
| receptors on internal organs that mediate the response of the sympathetic nervous system | adrenergic receptor |
| heart rate faster than normal | tachycardia |
| heart rate slower than normal | bradycardia |
| blood clot found in blood vessels formed primarily of platelets | thromboembolism |
| hormone produced by the kidneys that stimulates the bone marrow to produce red blood cells | eythropoietin |
| the heart muscle | myocardium |
| blood remaining in the chamber during diastole | cardiac afterload |
| disease of the heart muscle | cardiomyopathy |
| fluid accumulation in the abdomen | ascities |
| enlargement of the liver | hepatomegaly |
| fluid accumulation within the lungs | pulmonary edema |
| fainting; a sudden/brief lack of cardiac output resulting in lack of oxygen to the brain producing unconsciousness | syncope |
| enlargement of the heart | cardiomegaly |
| cells lining the inside of blood vessels | endothelium |
| occuring without symptoms | asymptomatic |
| loss of blood supply | ischemia |
| low blood calcium levels | hypokalemia |
| the neurotransmitters epinephrine, norepinepherine, and dopamine | catecholamines |
| effectiveness/strength of cardiac muscle contraction | contractility |
| difficulty breathing | dyspnea |
| increase in cell size | hypertrophy |
| free blood within the eye, specifically the anterior chamber | hyphema |
| an enzyme used to convert phospholipids into arachidonic acid | phospholipase |
| an enzyme used to convert arachidonic acid into prostaglandins | cyclooxygenase |
| chemicals in the body that stimulate the immune response, protect the lining of the stomach, and stimulate platelet aggregation | prostaglandins |
| chemicals in the body that stimulate the immune response | leukotrines |
| itching | puritis |
| component of extra cellular matrix of cartilage | glycosaminoglycans |
| sensation of pain resulting from a normally non painful stimulus | allodynia |
| exaggerated response to painful stimuli | hyperalgesia |
| pain initiated or caused by a primary lesion or dysfunction in the nervous system | neuropathic pain |
| nerve receptors thought to be involved in pain wind up | NMDA receptors |
| basic functional unit of the nervous system | neuron |
| medication used to treat seizures | anticonvulsants |
| damaging/toxic to the liver | hepatotoxicity |
| reduce the anxiety and aggression, but may cause sedation | tranquilizers |
| decrease the irritability and excitement, may cause sedation | sedatives |
| lessen anxiousness, but don't usually make animals drowsy | anti-anxiety drugs |
| state in which pain is relieved, but consciousness is maintained and anesthesia is not produced | analgesia |
| opioid or opioid-like drug | narcotic |
| combination of opioid and tranquilizer or sedative | neuroleptic analgesia |
| without sensation | anesthesia |
| CNS depressants derived from barbituric acid | barbiturates |
| drug that increases urine production | diuretic |
| pu/pd resulting from lack of production of ADH or lack of response by the kidneys to ADH | diabetes insipidus |
| concentration of ions in a solution | osmolality |
| increased intraocular pressure | glaucoma |
| decreased urine production | oliguria |
| no urine production | anuria |
| voiding of urine | micturition |
| inability to prevent the discharge of a substance | incontinence |
| the FDCA was passed in __ which required that a drug be adequately tested to demonstrate its safety when used as its label directs | 1983 |
| prescription drugs are regulated by the ___ and require a valid veterinarian-client-patient-relationship | FDA |
| giving a cat a medication that is only FDA approved for use in a dog is an example of | extra label use |
| controlled substance act of 1970 established | 5 categories(schedules) of controlled drugs |
| drug schedules are based on | potential for abuse and accepted medical benefit |
| these have the highest potential for abuse and no medical benefit | schedule I |
| these have low potential for abuse and accepted medical benefits | schedule V |
| controlled drug logs must be maintained for a minimum of | 2 years |
| what are the three government agencies used to regulate medications | FDA, EPA, APHIS |
| the FDA regulates | drugs |
| the EPA regulates | pesticides |
| the APHIS regulates | biological (vaccines) |
| drugs are available through these 4 ways | direct marketing, distributors/wholesalers, generic companies, and pharmacies |
| the __ __ __ describes the source, appearance properties, standards of purity, and other legal requirements of the most important pure drugs | United States Pharmacopoeia (USP) |
| the ___ requires that all drugs meet USP standards of purity, quality, and uniformity | FDA |
| the generic/trade name, concentration and quantity, name and address of manufacturer, manufacturers control or lot number, expiration date, withdrawal time(if warranted) and controlled substance status must all be on a | drug label |
| a registered name/generic name/controlled substance notation, composition statement, clinical pharmacology,mode of action, indication and usage, contrainindication, precautions, adverse reactions or side effects, OD information must be on a | drug package insert |
| package insert information can also be found in several books such as | the PDR, the VPB, the CVP, and plumbs veterinary drug handbook |
| veterinary staff can dispense medications under a veterinarians direct supervision but can not | prescribe them |
| pharmacokinetics can be divided into these 4 areas | absorption, distribution, metabolisim, excretion |
| the 4 basic mechanisms for moving substances across membranes | passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport, pinocytosis/phagocytosis |
| drug absorption is affected by | solubility, formulation, pH, molecular size of the drug, patient's age and health status |
| facotrs that affect drug distribution | size/membrane permability, tissue perfusion, protein binding, volume of distribution |
| primary site of drug metabolize is the | liver |
| drug interactions can affect drug metabolism in multiple ways such as | altered absorption, competition for plasma proteins, altered excretion, altered metabolism, inducing the enzyme system, liver issues, tolerance |
| the 4 main routes of drug elimination | kidneys, liver, intestines, milk |
| 1 grain is equal to how many mg | approximately 63mg |
| medicine bottles are measured in | drams |
| a percent solution is how many what in 100ml of solution | grams |
| the number of units in total volume is an example of what | a ratio |
| to calculate how to make a dilution sample what formula is used | IS X IV= FS X FV |
| maintenance fluid rate is generally excepted as | 60ml/kg/day |
| drugs given this route generally have a rapid onset of action, higher initial body levels of the drug, and a shorter duration of activity | IV |
| drugs given this route typically have a slower onset of action, longer duration of activity, and a variable absorption rate | SQ |
| the factors that keep drugs in their therapeutic range | route of administration, drug dose, dosage interval |
| drug toxicity can occur because of | outright od, relative od, side effects, accidental exposure, interation with other drugs, incorrect treatment |
| what are the three different types of fluids that can be given | crystalloids, colloids, blood products |
| LRS, normosol, plasmalyte, sodium chloride, and dextrose solutions are examples of what type of fluid | crystalloid |
| this is a good replacement type of fluids fr mild to moderate dehydration, its tonicity is designed to not destroy the cells | isotonic |
| this type of fluid pushes fluid into cells instead of into the extracelular space, should be used for dehydration, should not be used in CHF or liver disease | hypotonic |
| this type of fluid pulls fluid out of the cells and into the extracellular space, used for head trauma | hypertonic |
| human albumin, hetastach, dextran 40 & 70, hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers are all examples of what type of fluid | colloid |
| longer effect in correcting hypovolemia, safe to use w/CHF, decreased chance of peripheral edema, will help maintain blood pressure without need of positive itotropes, decrease amount of crystaloids needed are all what of using colloids? | pros |
| expensive, caution in cases of albumin loss unless using hetastach, hetastach can cause elevated amylase levels, increase coagulation panel values, are a potential for anaphylaxis are all what of using colloids? | cons |
| #1 in circulation of electrical current through the heart, the pacemaker of the heart, located at the top of the right atrium | sa node |
| #2 in circulation of electrical current through the heart, located at the bottom of the right atrium, | av node |
| #3 in circulation of electrical current through the heart | bundle of hiss |
| #4 in circulation of electrical current through the heart | purkinje fibers |
| #5 in circulation of electrical current through the heart | route of conduction/ repolarization |
| this is dependant on the hearts chamber size, force of contraction, blood pressure, and volume of blood avaliable to be pumped | stroke volume |
| to maintain cardiac output, a few mechanisms can be altered such as | heart rate/ rhythm, stroke volume |
| these type of inotropes increase contracitility, and are cardiac glycosides and catecholamines | positive |
| these type of inotropes decrease contractility, decrease workload, and are beta blockers and calcium channel blockers | negative |
| these medications increase the strength of cardiac contractions and decrease heart rate, side effects can be anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, or cardiac arrhythemias | cardiac glycosides |
| examples of cardiac glycosides are ___, which has a narrow therapeutic window, and ___ which has just recently been released onto the market | digoxin, pimobendan |
| lidocane is an example of what kind of cardiac drug, it is used to treat ventricular arrhythemias but not used in cats | sodium channel blocker |
| atenolol is an example of what kind of drug, it is used to treat tachyarrhythemias and HCM in cats | atenolol |
| these medications increase urine production | diuretics |
| the most commonly used diuretic | furosemide(lasix) |
| this diuretic can cause potassium depletion through the urine | spirnolactone |
| this type of medication decreases water retention and dilated blood vessels, it is used to treat CHF, an example is enalapril | ACE inhibitors |
| these medications are used to prevent/treat blood clots in and out of the patients, examples are heparin, plavix, asprin | anticoagulants |
| these along with erythropoietin are used to treat anemia | iron supplements |
| these occur because of abnormal start to electrical impulses or abnomal condution of those impulses through the heart, lidocane is used for emergency treatment | cardiac arrhythemias |
| this can potentially be managed with lasix and cardiac meds, such as atenolol or digoxin, or anticoagulants may be prescribed to reduce the chances of a thromboembolism | hypertrophic cadiomyopathy(HCM) |
| the treatment of choice for this is amlodipine, hyperthryoidism and hypokalemia may be treated first before initiating amlodipine therapy | hypertension |
| treatment of this may involve killing the adult worms and possibly the microfilaria(dogs only) | heartworms |
| these medications increase the flow of respiratory secretions to allow material to be coughed up from the lungs, increase the fluidity of mucus, ex: guaifenesin | expectorants |
| these decrease the viscosity or thickness of respiratory secreations, ex acetylcysteine | mucolytics |
| this medication is also used to treat onion and acetaminophen toxicity | acetylcysteine |
| antitussives are used to supress a cough in cases that have | collapsing trachea, infectious tracheobronchitis |
| these medications are centrally acting and usally controlled medications, ex: butorphanol | antitussives |
| this antitussive is commonly used in people, it is not effective in other animals | dextromethorphan |
| these medications decrease the congestion of nasal passages by reducing swelling, ex: phenylephrine, pseudoephedrine | decongestants |
| these block the effects of histamine on the body, also have decongestant effects, ex: diphenhydramine, chlorpheniramine, side effects include ens depression, anticholinergic effects such as dry mouth | antihistamines |
| these medications widen the lumen of the bronchi and counteract bronchoconstriction, ex: atropine, epinepherine, albuterol, aminophylline, theophylline | bronchodilators |
| these medications stimulate the animal to increase its respirations, ex: doxapram, naloxone, yohimbine | respiratory stimulants |
| this medication is used to stimulate respirations following c-section, use has become controversial | doxapram |
| this medication is the antidote for narcotic overdose | naloxone |
| this medication is used to reverse xylazine | yohimbine |
| this is part of a normal healing process but can become damaging if severe or chronic | inflammation |
| anti-inflammatories are divided into these two catagories | steroidal and nonsteroidals |
| steroids can be divided into these two catagories | glucocorticoids and mineralcorticoids |
| these treat inflammation by blocking phospholipase, thus preventing production of prostaglandins and leukotrienes, also can elevate blood sugar, involved in metabolism of energy producing nutrients, are regulated by a negative feed back loop | glucocorticoids |
| these meds are catagoriezed by how long they last, can be enterally/parenterally, reduce inflammation, relieve pruritis, reduce tissue damage | glucocorticoids |
| these meds can also cause delayed wound healing, melting of corneal ulcers if used topically with an animal that already has a corneal ulcer, increase risk of infection bc of immunosuppressive effects, tendon/muslce/ligament weakness, GI upset | glucocorticoids |
| these meds can cause iatrogenic cushings disese if abused, or iatrogenic addison's if stopped abruptly | glucocorticoids |
| this is the active metabolite (via the liver) of prednisone that is often used in cats because of their difficulty with liver metabolism | prednisolone |
| this type of steroid injection can be given orally but will last 1-3 weeks when given as an injection | triamcenolone(vetalog) |
| this steroid injection can be given orally but will last 1-3 days when given as an injection | dexamethasone |
| this form of dexamethasone has a faster onset of action and high concentration | dex sp |
| this steriod injection is long acting and last about 1-2 months | methylprednisolone actetate(depo medrol) |
| these meds work by blocking coclooxygenase, have two forms cox-1 and cox-2, | NSAIDs |
| this type of NSAID produced prostaglandins that are protective to the stomach | cox-1 |
| this type of NSAID produces prostaglandins that are involved in inflammation | cox-2 |
| gi ulcerations, bone marrow suppression, decreased renal profusion are all side effects of | NSAID |
| this NSAID is commonly used orally for osteoarthritis, can also be given as a single injection post-op in cat, but does not work long term | carprofen(rimadyl) |
| this NSAID works more selective by blocking cox-2, but is not technically considered a cox-2 inhibitor | etodolac(etogesic) |
| this NSAID is a cox-2 inhibitor, but still can block cox-1, so can still have the same side effects as other NSAIDs | deracoxib(deramaxx) and meloxicam(metacam) |
| this is a potent NSAID with analgesic and antipyretic properties, primarily used in horses for musculoskeletal pain | phenlbutazone |
| this is a potent NSAID with analgeis, antipyretic effects, it is primarily used in cattle and horses for musculoskeletal pain and colic pain | flunixin meglumine(banamine) |
| this is a potent NSAID primarily use IV in large animals, can be given orally or topically, can penetrate the skin, so can be used as a carier agent for transdermals | dimethyl sulfoxide(DMSO) |
| this is a glycosaminoglycan that may stimulate regrowth of cartilage, cosequin and glyco-flex are examples, aqequan is an injectable glycosaminoglycan | neutroceuticals |
| vomiting, anorexia, wt loss, diarrhea, gi ulceration/perforation, polydipsia, polyuria, UTI, incontinence, renal failure, inappropriate bleeding are all adverse effects of | NSAIDs |
| fears/phobias/, obsessive compulsive disorder, anxiety, aggresion, cognitive dysfunction are all common behavior problems that may benefit from what | behavior drugs & behavior modification |
| many behavior modifiying drugs can cause | sedation |
| acepromazine can decrease the inhibition to | bite |
| this med can boost confidence and therefore can increase confrontations between animals within a household | buspirone |
| this med is commonly used to treat inappropriate elimination, it is also used to treat feline interstitial cystitis | amitryptaline |
| these can be used to treat behavioral problems but can have significant side effects such as bone marrow suppression | hormones |
| what are the types of neurons | sensory/motor |
| what are the parts of the neuron | cell body/ axon/dendrite |
| what are the divisions of the nervous system | CNS & PNS |
| what are the parts of the autonomic nervous system | sympathetic and parasympathetic |
| what are the parts of the somatic nervous system | cranial and spinal nerves |
| this med is most commonly used to prevent seizures, it decreases spead of seizure impulses, tolerance can develop, avaliable as tablets or injectable(give slow) has a long half life, controlled schedule IV, has multiple drug interactions | phenobartibal |
| this med is an adjunct anticonvulsant, crystalline powder that must be compounded, has a long half life | potassium bromide |
| this med is used IV to treat status epilepticus | Diazepam |
| these meds are used as calming agents, for analgesia, or as antisialogues | pre-meds |
| these meds are used as injectable anesthetics or inhalant anesthetics | induction agents |
| these meds are used as inhalant agents: sevo or iso | inhalant agents |
| these meds reduce anxiety and aggression but may cause sedation | tranquilizers |
| these meds decrease irritability and excitement but may cause sedation | sedatives |
| these meds lessen anxiousness, but dont usually cause sedation | anti anxiety drugs |
| this med works best when used in combination with an opiod, has some analgesic effect, can be reversed by atipamezole, is only injectable | dexmedetomidine |
| this med causes muscle ridigidty, can cause apnea when first administered, mild analgesia unless used as a cri, used for restrain, diagnostic procedures, minor surgical procedures, typically used in combination with other drugs, schedule III drug | ketamine |
| this med is a cominiation product also, contains zolazepam, schedule III drug | telazol |
| this med is a potent cardiovascular and respiratory depressant, sight hounds are highly sensitive, schedule III drug, IV only! will cause tissue necrosis if given perivascularly | thipental |
| this med is used for anesthetic induction, is short acting(last only 2-5mins) has no analgesia affect, can cause respiratory depression if given to fast | propofol |
| this inhalant anesthetic is older, has prolonged response to rate adjustment | halothane |
| this inhalant anesthetic has rapid induction of anesthesia and short recoveries, vigilant monitoring is needed bc the animal can change anesthetic planes quickly, irritates the respiratory system | isoflurane |
| this type of inhalant anesthetic is very similar to isoflurane, may have a faster response to rate changes, have fewer cardiovascular side effects than other inhalants | sevoflurane |
| these meds are neurologic sympatholytics | yohimbine, atipamezole |
| these meds block the binding of opiods to their receptors, they are used to treat respiratory and CNS depression from opiod over dose | naloxone, naltrexone |
| this local anesthetic has immediate onset, is short acting only 1-2 hours, is avaliable in injectiable, topical, or transdermal application | lidocane |
| this local anesthetic has a longer onset time than lidocane, longer acting 3-5 hours, is in injectable form ony | bupivicaine |
| these local anesthetic is used for ophthalmic preparations | proparacaine, tetracaine |
| this was the first medication licensed by the FDA for treatment of seperation anxiety of dogs | clomicalm |
| analgesics are typically divided into two catagories | narcotics and non-narcotics |
| these will cause sedation, produce analgesia, and are anti-anxiety drugs, but do not produce anesthesia | opiods |
| this med will cause vomiting in both dogs and cats and is a schedule II drug | morphine |
| these meds are used to decrease edema or effusion(less effective on effusions) and to lower blood pressure, most common side effect is hypokalemia, have the potential to cause dehydration | diuretics |
| diuretics fall into __ catagoris | 5 |
| this diuretic is primarily used to treat diabetes insipidus or utter edema, an example is hydrochlorothiazide, can also cause cardiac dysfunction | thiadizines |
| this diuretic of choice is most instances because they are more effective than thiazides, influence reabsorption of fluid at the loop of Henle, furosemide is the most commonly used, most common side effect is hypokalemia | loop diuretics |
| these meds are used when diuretics are needed but you have concurrent hypokalemia that doesn't resolve with potassium supplementation, spironolactone is most common example, side effect can be hyperkalemia | potassium sparing |
| these meds are used to treat glaucoma, acetazolamide is one example | carbonic anhydrase inhibitors |
| these meds decrease intracranial pressure, prevent kidney failure in causes of oliguria or anuria, treat glaucome, can cause vomiting, mannitol is most common example | osmotic diuretics |
| these are the most commonly seen uroliths | struvite, calcium oxalate |
| these uroliths are primarily seen in dalmations | urates |
| these uroliths can be dissolved using urinary acidifiers | struvites |
| this can be cause by neurologic or non-neurologic disorders, trauma to the spinal cord, tumor of the nervous systrem, nerve degeneration, hormone-responsive, stress, sudden urge, extopic ureters, bladder overdistention | urinary incontinence |
| this occurs because of urine overflow | incontinence |
| treatment of this is aimed at increasing the ability to urinate | incontinence |
| neurological disorders can be treated with alpha-adrenergic antagonists to decrease tone of the internal urethral sphincter such as these meds | phenoxybenzamine, parasympathomimetics, bethanechol, anticholinergics, propatheline |
| non-neurological disorders can be treated with skeletal muscle relaxants, they relax the external urethral sphincter, they are anti-spasmotics such as these meds | dantrolene, aminopropazine, diazepam |
| adrenergic agonisis medications that are used to increase urethral tone such as these medications, most commonly prescribed treatment for hormonal incontinence | phenylopropanolamine(PPA) |
| these can cause significant side effects such as bone marrow suppression, possible carcinogens, Diethylsilbesterol is used in female, testosterone is used in males | hormones |
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