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Chapter 7 - Terms
Scientific Revolution (HOLY POOP I DONT KNOW THIS)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Montaigne | an example of 16th century mindset; "What do I know? Nothing" truth is relative; best display of skepticism; doubting frame of mind - nothing is possible for humans to truely know |
| Francis Bacon | Englishman; skeptic; rejected scholastics, truth is something we find after long investigation; founder of the inductive theory |
| Rene Descartes | 'I think, therefore I am'; believed in the deductive theory; didnt apply math |
| Instauratio Magna | written by Bacon; call for a new start in science and civilization; only 2 volumnes were published |
| Novum Organum | one volumne of Instauratio Magna (Bacon); introduced the inductive method; if you're going to get the real, accurate truth, you must use inductive method |
| inductive method | the founding of knowledge on observation and experience; let patterns of thought be shaped by actual, observed facts; start from scratch, not where someone else left off |
| deductive method | drawing implications from what we already know; like starting from where someone else left off; |
| empiricism | philosophy founded on knowledge from observation and experience; prevents you from changing facts into preconceived beliefs |
| The Advancement of Learning | also by Bacon; stressed that you must test your conclusions (scientific method); put idea to test, see if it works and if its useful |
| The New Atlantis | Bacon; maybe science can help us - individual and society lives better; challenging premise of early mod western history - we CAN change society and it is not doomed: poop on you Machiavelli |
| cogito ergo sum | " i think, therefore I am" - Descartes |
| Cartesian Dualism | two kids of reality: thinking substance (cant explain): mind, spirit, subjective experience; extended substance (can explain): everything outside of the mind, so objective; can reduce world to an equation, but not certain things (love of a song, beauty) |
| 16th century is the age of ____ | relativism - doubt that there can be any certain knowledge; everything is custom and so different from place to place |
| 17th century is the age of ______ | Scientific Revolution - there is a true, reliable method of knowledge; doubt past conclusions, start fresh, and draw concludions based on observations (inductive, empircism) |
| 18th century is the age of ______ | the Englishtenment - apply science to the workings of human society; just like there are laws of science, there must be laws of politics and economics (system) |
| how is the view of war changed post 1648? | war is a game and something to be avoided |
| Cartesian and Baconian philosophical model: purpose of science | in charge of nature; position to use nature to your benefit |
| Vesalius | published a book in 1543 renewing and modernizing the study of anatomy, challenging the findings of the 2nd century philosopher Galen |
| William Harvey | Published a book in 1628 establishing the continual circulation of blood through arteriesand veins |
| Leeuwenhoek | using the microscope, studied the intricacies of the human body and published drawings in the 17th century |
| Ptolemy | Greek philosopher on whom most of the conception of the universe was based before the scientific revolution; geocentric |
| Copernicus | advanced the heliocentric theory in the 16th century |
| Brahe | 16th century scientist who challenged Copernicus; |
| Kepler | advanced the three laws of planetary motion; discovered that heliocentric worked if motion was in elipticals |
| Galileo | astronomer whose use of the telescope to examine the cosmos and whose experiments concerning gravity revolutionized science |
| Newton | English scientist whose theory of universal gravitation led to institutionalized science and revolutionary scientific advancements by the 18th century |
| Denis Papin | rudimentary steam engine in 1681 |
| James Watt | inventer of steam engine we know today |
| Pascal | struggled with the gap growing between natural science and Christianity |
| Ptolemaic | the belief that the universe was created of domes with Earth being the center; fit in with Christian beliefs |
| crystalline sphere | transparent spheres around the Earth; outside of it all was heaven |
| empyream | beyond the sphere of stars; the heavens |
| geocentric | the Ptolemaic theory that the Earth was the center of the universe |
| heliocentric | "sun centered"; Capernicus was first to bring theory to light |
| Newtonian System | the human mind had discovered the world's laws; |
| Pierre Bayle | spokesman for the skepticism of the late 17th century, holding that all beliefs are relative; believed that what is called truth is often mere opinion |
| Edmond Hailey | first man to predict the return of a comet |
| Jean Mabillon | French Benedictine monk who established the science of paleography |
| Usher | studied human past and the Bible and concluded that the date of the creation of the world was 4004 BC |
| Richard Simon | French priest who wrote A Critical History of the Old Testament which questioned the validity of the Bible |
| Baruch Spinoza | Dutch thinker of the 17th century who argued against all forms of religious and supernatural beliefs; the ultimate skeptic |
| John Locke | foremost English philospher of the 17th century who argued his environmental philosophy; believed that you and society could change for the better |
| cake of custom | realization of different cultures was unsettling and broke this term; became harder to believed 100% rightness to one's ways |
| Historical and Critical Dictionary | published by Bayle; conveyed that what is truth is often mere opinion, most people are gullible, and that many believed truths are rather silly; no opinion is worth burning your neighbor for |
| paleography | the study of deciphering, reading, dating, and authentication of manuscripts |
| chronology | finding an age for the world and finding a common denominator in various worldy dating systems |
| Julian Calendar | the order Julain calendar was followed by the Orthodoz and Protestant countries |
| Gregorian Calendar | the corrected calendar used by Catholic countries and graducally accpeted throughout the world |
| Critical History of the Old Testament | published by Simon; argued that the OT was based off of faulty documents of unknown origin, contained obvious contridictions, and had copied errors |
| Essay Concerning the Human Understanding | published by Locke; truth is derived from experience; nature vs nuture (basically the nuture arguement); anti-Machiovellian |
| "natural law" | there is somehow, a law that distinguished right from wrong; right is "natural" not human intervention; what is right is right for everyone, and vise versa for wrong; |
| "positive law" | actual laws that are enforced by courts; maybe unjust when looked at through natural law |
| Hugo Grotius | attempted to creat a "Law of Nations" in book Law of War and Peasce |
| Samuel Pufendorf | attempted to create a "law of nations" in book Law of Nature and of Nations |
| Thomas Hobbes | justified (philosophically) absolutism; sided with king over Parliament; concluded that humans had no capacity for self government |
| John Locke | philosophically justified constitutionalism; believed that gov was a sort of a contract; moderate religion - good and people could learn from experience and improve; blank slate belief |
| Law of War and Peace | published by Grotius |
| Law of Nature and of Nations | published by Pufendorf |
| Leviathan | published by Hobbes; moster mentioned in Bible; purely natural arguements free from religious influence |
| Two Treatsies of Government | book by Locke; people could improve and lead an educated/enlightened life; favored self-government; people must be reasonable |
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