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vet1155
2nd half for final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| increased frequency of urination | polakiuria |
| blood in urine | hematuria |
| difficulty/pain on urination | dysuria |
| obtaining a urine sample via needle puncture into the bladder | cystocentesis |
| increased volume of urine produced | polyuria |
| ureters that enter the urinary tract in the wrong location, usually in the urethra instead of the bladder | ectopic ureters |
| no urine production at all | anuria |
| these are typically cauesd by ascending bacterial infections | urinary tract infections |
| these are often the cause of struvite crystals/stones in dogs | urinary tract infection |
| clinical signs of these vary from polakiuria > hematuria > dysuria | urinary tract infections |
| diagnosis of these is made via urinalysis with sediment | urinary tract infections |
| bacteria may not be seen in sediment, may only seen increased wbc's with these | urinary tract infections |
| with this type of infection a cbc may or may not have an increased wbc | urinary tract infections |
| urine culture must be run on a sample obtained via cystocentesis to prevent cross contamination when diagnosing these | uti |
| does a negative urine culture and sensitivity rule out a uti? | heck no! |
| multiple weeks of what are required to treat a UTI | antibiotics |
| how many weeks of treatment are usually done for a UTI | 2-3 |
| this disease can be acute or chronic with numerous causes | renal disease |
| what is the most common symptom of renal disease | pu/pd |
| how is renal disease diagnosed | chem panel and UA |
| what is the hallmark treatment for both chronic and acute renal disease | fluid therapy |
| along with fluid therapy what should also be included when treating chronic renal disease | transition to a low protein diet |
| supportive care for what may be needed when treating renal disease | electrolyte imbalances, nausea, and anemia |
| what is very important to monitor and maintain during anesthesia to ensure adequate blood flow to the kidneys | blood pressure |
| the cause for this disease may be neurological or non-neurological; hormone responsive is the most common cause in spayed females | urinary incontinence |
| a pet with this disease may present for "having accidents in the house" | urinary incontinence |
| with this disease symptoms may only occur when the animal is sleeping (most commonly seen with hormone responsive) | urinary incontinence |
| symptoms of this disease may cause urine scalding(dermatitis), and concurrent UTI | urinary incontinence |
| what does IVP stand for | intravenous pyelogram |
| what is an IVP used to diagnose | ectopic ureters |
| what is the most common treatment for hormone responsive incontinence | phenylopropanolamine (PPA) |
| what may be used to treat hormone responsive incontinence but can cause bone marrow suppression | estrogen |
| what can be used for a patient with urinary incontinence when treatment is not possible or not effective | diapers! |
| what are the 3 components of a urinalysis | dipstick, sediment, & specific gravity |
| how should the specific gravity of urine be measured | on a refractometor |
| if a urine sample is left sitting to long after collection what may it test positive for | crystals |
| small amounts of blood may be seen as contamination if a urine sample was collected how | cystocentesis |
| if urine is collected how any amount of hematuria seen is real | free catch |
| urine sediment may be evaluated with or without what | sediment stain |
| using this when evaluating urine sediment may make it easier to view cells BUT contains precipitate that can be confused with bacteria | sediment stain |
| crystals and stones can be seen with or without each other (true/false) | true |
| what does FLUTD stand for | feline lower urinary tract disease |
| this describes a set of symptoms, but not a disease itself | FLUTD |
| dysuria, stranguria, hematuria, and inappropriate elimination are all symptoms of what | FLUTD |
| causes of FLUTD can be divided into what two categories | metabolic & behavioral |
| inflammation, stones or crystals, or a UTI describe what cause category of FLUTD | metabolic |
| pet doesn't like litter, does like box location, box isn't clean enough describe what cause category of FLUTD | behavioral |
| stress is a factor in the disease, but the exact cause is unknown | interstitial cystitis |
| what is the mainstay for interstitial cystitis | diluting the urine |
| what medication can be helpful in treating interstitial cystitis because of the bladder lining containing glycosaminoglycans | glucosamine |
| these may be composed or struvites or calcium oxalates | crystaluria/uroliths |
| what type of crystal/urolith forms in urine with an elevated pH | struvites |
| what type of crystal/urolith has historically been associated with lower urine pH, but may now not be as much of a factor as previously thought | calcium oxalates |
| what feline breeds are predisposed to forming calcium oxalates | persians, himilayans, and burmese |
| these type of crystals/uroliths can be dissolved using diet and/or medication to acidify urine | struvites |
| these type of crystals/uroliths can not be dissolved using diet and/or medication | calcium oxalates |
| what may be necessary (especially in male kitties) with bladder stones | surgical removal |
| the study of animal reproduction | theriogenology |
| an infected/abscessed uterus | pyometra |
| the inner lining of the uterus | endometrium |
| inflammation within the abdominal cavity | peritonitis |
| difficult labor or birth | dystocia |
| straining to defecate | tenesmus |
| straining to urinate | stranguria |
| painful urination | dysuria |
| lack or weak uterine muscle contractions | uterine inertia |
| this can be fatal if not treated; E. coli is the most common etiologic agent | pyometra |
| with this disease the patient will have a history of having had a heat cycle within the last 2 months | pyometra |
| with a pyometra the cervix may be ___ or ____ | open; closed |
| animals with a ___ pyometra are generally more sick | closed |
| animals with a ___ pyometra may only show vulvular discharge | open |
| what can be tried to treat an open pyometra, but is no generally recommended and is only valuable in breeding animals to try and breed one more time | medical management(antibiotic therapy) |
| what is the treatment of choice for a pyometra following stabilization | ovariohysterectomy |
| this can be caused by uterine inertia, to large of fetus, n abnormal positioning, or fetal death | dystocia |
| the first puppy/kitten should generally be born within ___ ___ or start of active labor; if not- possible dystocia | 4 hours |
| there is commonly up to __ __ between births; if longer- possible dystocia | 1 hour |
| what medication can be given to stimulate uterine contractions unless the birth canal is obstructed/ or there is abnormal fetal positioning | oxytocin |
| what might be necessary especially in cases of abnormal positioning or fetal size disparity in the case of a dystocia | c-section |
| this disease is seen in intact males that may present for constipation or UTI | benign prostatic hyperplasia |
| an enlarged prostate is palpable on what type of exam | rectal |
| what is the treatment of choice for benign prostatic hyperplasia | neuter |
| what medication can be tried to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia, BUT can cause bone marrow suppression | diethylstilbesterol |
| study of the skin | dermatology |
| the skin, including the dermis, epidermis, hair, nails and sebaceous glands | integument |
| outermost lay of skin | epidermis |
| thicker middle layer of skin | dermis |
| bottom layer of skin | hypodermis |
| hair, nail, hooves, etc | adnexa |
| infection of the skin | pyoderma |
| inflammation of the skin | dermatitis |
| redness of the skin | erythema |
| loss of hair | alopecia |
| itchiness | puritis |
| allergic reaction to allergens other than parasites or food | atopy |
| non-malignant | benign |
| locally invasive, destructive growth, and spreads to other sites | malignant |
| the skin has many functions such as: | barrier; protection from environment; regulates body temp; sensory perception; motion & shape; antimicrobial; regulates BP; produces sweat, adnexa, melanin; storage for some nutrients & electrolytes |
| this skin problem can be primary or have an underlying cause; typically treated with topical meds and/or systemic antibiotics | pyoderma |
| these are usually fleas, ticks, & mites; skin scraping is needed to diagnose mites | ectoparasites |
| this type of mite is a normal inhabitant of the skin that only becomes problematic when the immune system is impaired; IT IS NOT ZOONOTIC | demodex |
| this mite is the cause of scabies and is highly puritic; VERY ZOONOTIC | sarcoptes |
| definitive diagnosis of this disease can only be made by intradermal skin testing or IgE blood testing | allergic dermatitis |
| this can only be diagnosed with a food trial with prescription diet only being fed for 10 weeks | food allergic dermatitis |
| these can only be managed not cured | allergies |
| what meds are commonly used to manage allergies in animals | corticosteroids; antihistamines; allergen shots (desensitization shots) |
| this condition may require infusion of antibiotics into the area, repeated infections may necessitate surgical removal of the gland, may rupture before owner realizes there is a problem | anal gland abscess |
| these can be benign or malignant | skin tumors |
| these type of skin tumors are categorized as grade I(usually benign), grade II(uncertain) or grade III (usually malignant) | mast cell tumors |
| infection of the skin caused by a pathogenic fungi (dermatophytes) | ringworm (dermatophytosis) |
| thickening of the epidermis giving rise to an appearance resembling a tree bark | lichenification |
| an area of chronic inflammtion associated with monocytes/macrophages | granuloma |
| DTM stands for | dermatophyte test medium |
| inflammation of the ear | otitis |
| this skin condition is seen in 3 forms depending on the location of the lesion | eosinophilic granuloma complex |
| what are the 3 forms of eosinophilic granuloma complex | rodent ulcers, eosinophilic plaques, linear granulomas |
| definitive diagnosis of this is made based on histopath, but typically tentative diagnosis may be made based on clinical signs and response to treatment | eosinophilic granuloma complex |
| treatment of this condition is aimed at testing underlying allergies with food trials, steroids, or antihistamines | eosinophilic granuloma complex |
| this condition is a fungal infection of the skin caused by microsporum canis and microsporum gypseum; it will cause alopecia with white, crusty exudates | dermatophytosis(ringworm) |
| what percent of dermatophytes will fluoresce under black light | 50% |
| what special type of black light is used to diagnose dermatophytes | woods lamp |
| a definitive diagnosis of this skin condition is made by fungal culture | dermatophytosis(ringworm) |
| this skin condition is very ZOONOTIC, it is transmitted by direct contact with infected animals or environmental contamination | dermatophytosis(ringworm) |
| what feline breed may be asymptomatic carriers of dermatophytosis(ringworm) | persians |
| treatment of this skin condition is with antifungals (systemic and topical available) and environmental decontamination with bleach when possible | dermatophytosis(ringworm) |
| this condition is inflammation of the external ear canal that can be caused by ear mites, yeast, or bacteria | otitis externa |
| this condition can become a viscous cycle of inflammation causing puritis causing inflammation; recurrent bacterial/yeast infections are typically associated with allergies | otitis externa |
| diagnosis of otitis externa is made with an ear swab cytology to differentiate __ from ___ | yeast; bacteria |
| these type of mites can be seen in a patient with otitis externa using an otoscope | ear mites(otodectes cynotis) |
| this type of otitis externa will cause moist discharge, erythema, puritis, and can be painful | bacterial/yeast |
| this type of otitis externa will cause dry, crusty, black discharge with intense puritis | ear mites (otodectes cynotis) |
| excessive eating | polyphagia |
| a potential complication of diabetes in which prolonged high blood sugar results in accumulation of ketone bodies in the blood | ketoacidosis |
| increased respiratory rate | tachypnea |
| presence of glucose in urine | glucosuria |
| presence of ketones in urine | ketonuria |
| the inability of the thyroid to produce t3/t4 resulting in decreased metabolic rate | hypothyroidism |
| clinical signs of this disease include unexplained weight gain, hairloss, hyperpigmentation, and lethargy | hypothyroidism |
| diagnosis of this disease is made by finding elevated TSH levels and low t3/t4 levels | hypothyroidism |
| treatment for this disease is by supplementation with thyroxine for the life of the animal | hypothyroidism |
| t4 & TSH must be periodically monitored to assure adequate blood levels of the drug for what disease | hypothyroidism |
| with this disease females are more commonly affected than males; clinical signs include polyuria/ploydypsia, polyphagia, and weight loss | diabetes mellitus |
| diagnosis of this disease is made by finding elevated blood glucose levels and glucose in the urine | diabetes mellitus |
| high fiber diets and regular exercise can help regulate diabetes, but it is commonly treated with what medication | insulin |
| how are insulins categorized | by how quickly they are absorbed and utilized in the body |
| this type of insulin is typically used only to treat ketoacidosis | regular insulin |
| these types of insulin are considered intermediate insulin and are used for maintenance therapy of diabetes | humulin n or vetsulin |
| this is a condition in which excessive amounts of cortisol are produced either because of a benign pituitary tumor causing excess ACTH production or an adrenal tumor producing to much cortisol | hyperadrenalcorticism(cushings) |
| this condition can also be caused by medicating with excessive amounts of cortisone | (hyperadrenalcorticism)iatrogenic cushings disease |
| clinical signs of this condition include polyuria/polydypsia, polyphagia, pot-bellied apperance, bilateral symmetrical alopecia | cushings disease |
| diagnosis of this condition is made by finding elevations of specific chemistries, elevated cortisol:creatine ration, and through specialized test- ACTH stimulation and/or low dose dexamethasone suppression | cushings disease |
| how are adrenal tumors best treated | surgical removal |
| how are pituitary tumors best treated | medication; most commonly lysodren |
| what medication has been used other than lysodren to treat pituitary tumros | ketoconozole |
| this medication is given initially 7-10 days, then put on a maintenance dose of usually twice weekly to treat pituitary tumors | lysodren |
| treatment of this condition must carefully be monitored to ensure cortisol levels do not drop to low and induce "addisons crisis" | pituitary tumor induce cushings disease |
| this disease is typically idiopathic, can be iatrogenic, is basically low glucocoritcoid levels and more importantly low mineralcorticoid levels | addisons disease(hypoadrenocorticism) |
| clinical signs of this disease are vague and include depression/lethargy, weakness, anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, weight loss, pu/pd | addisons disease (hypoadrenocorticism) |
| clinical signs of a crisis of this condition are more severe and include weak pulses, bradycardia, prolonged CRT, severe mental depression | addisons disease (hypoadrenocorticism) |
| the hall mark sign of addisons disease is a low what on a chemistry panel | sodium:potassium ratio |
| diagnosis of addisons disease is made by lack of response to what specific test | ACTH stimulation test |
| maintenance of addisons disease is with what two types of medications | DOCP(percoten) or fludrocortisone (florinef) |
| how can iatrogenic addisons be prevented? | by weaning off glucorticoids |
| decreased blood calcium levels | hypocalcemia |
| walking/standing up with metatarsals on the ground | plantagrade stance |
| protein made at higher than normal levels in response to continuous hyperglycermia | fructosamine |
| not in its proper place | ectopic |
| this condition is seen primarily in older cats; is rare in dogs; results in increased metabolism rate because of high levels of t4 | hyperthyroidism |
| the most common sign of this disease is weight loss despite the pets rapid weight loss | hyperthyroidinm |
| hyperthyroidism can cause __ leading to blindness from hyphema, retinal hemorrhages, retinal detachment, or irritability if left untreated | hypertension |
| diagnosis of this disease is made by fining high levels of t4 | hyperthyroidism |
| surgical removal of the glands, radioactive iodine therapy, or medication are treatment options for what disease | hyperthyroidism |
| this hyperthyroid treatment can result in hypoglycemia because of damage to the parathyroid glands | surgical removal of the glands |
| this hyperthyroid treatment is the treatment of choice in people, best if funding is available, requires patient to be isolated for 3 days - 3 weeks | radioactive iodine therapy |
| this is the most commonly prescribed medication used to treat hyperthyroidism, have to recheck levels regularly | methimazole(tapazole) |
| what diets contain high protein and low carbohydrates and are the recommended diets for diabetes mellitus | hills m/d or purina dm |
| glucose curves have variable benefit in diabetic monitoring because of what | stress hyperglycemia |
| the best way to prevent diabetes mellitus is by | maintain ideal body weight |
| diabetic cats rarely develop what life threatening complication of this disease process | ketoacidosis |
| what species have become non-insulin dependent especially with treatment of glargine(lantus) | felines |
| nutrients can be divided into what two categories | energy producing and non-energy producing |
| what are the basic building blocks of life | amino acids |
| what can be used for energy, but is more commonly used for other processes such as structure of organs, blood, muscle, hair, hormones, and enzymes | proteins |
| when proteins are broken down in the body what are they converted into | urea |
| pet foods are classified by their | moisture content |
| how much moisture can be found in canned food | 75% |
| how much moisture can be found in semi-moist food | 40% |
| how much moisture can be found in dry food | 10% |
| unable to meet nutrients requirements without meat in the diet | obligate carnivore |
| abnormally low blood sugar | hypoglycemia |
| food is avaliable at all times | ad lib feeding |
| extracts of foods claimed to have a medicinal effect | nutraceutical |
| malformation of the hip joint | hip dysplasia |
| disruption of the cartilage formation within the joint | osteocondrosis |
| puppies generally nurse until they are | 5-6 weeks old |
| if a feeding tube is used to feed an orphan they must be monitored for | aspiration pneumonia |
| what breed of puppies are especially prone to hypoglycemia | toy |
| large breed puppies should be fed a food that supports what to prevent several joint diseases | slow rate of growth |
| kittens should gain about how much weight a month | 1 lb |
| bottle fed orphaned kittens have a higher risk for developing what to anyone but their owner | aggression |
| feeding tubes are named based on what | location |
| what can be seen with esophagostomy and gastrotomy tubes if to large of a volume of food/liquid is given at one time | vomiting |
| what does TPN stand for | total parenteral nutrition |
| the goal of this is to provide the patient with adequate nutrition without overworking the diseased organ | nutritional management |
| around the tooth | periodontal |
| inflammation of the gingivia | gingivitis |
| bad breath | halitosis |
| difficulty swallowing | dysphagia |
| excessive salivation | ptyalism |
| space between the surface of the tooth and the free gingival | gingival sulcus |
| cleaning of the subgingival teeth surfaces | root planning |
| inflammation of the stomach and intestines | gasteroenteritis |
| medication given to stop vomiting | antiemetic |
| yellow pigmentation because of excess bilirubin | icterus |
| this is composed of the gasterointestinal tract (mouth to anus) and accessoory structures (salivary glands, liver, pancreas) | digestive system |
| what is the leading cause of health issues in dogs | periodontal disease |
| this is based on the degree of inflammation, presence of infection, and amount of bone loss | periodontal disease |
| what is the most commonly diagnosed disease in small animal medicine | periodontal disease |
| what is the most effective prevention mechanism of periodontal disease | mechanical removal (brushing) |
| symptoms of this can mimic pancreatitis, liver disease, and renal disease | gasteroenteritis |
| this virus causes severe enteritis with blunting of the intestinal vili | parvo |
| this virus can cause septicemia and thus secondary pneumonia, can be diagnosed with an in house test | parvo |
| this virus can live in the soil and can only be killed by bleach, flame torch, or 7 months direct sun light | parvo |
| this is caused by the spirochete bacteria leptosipres | leptospirosis |
| this bacteria is commonly the cause of liver disease and sudden death | leptospirosiss |
| definitive diagnosis of this bacteria is made by serum antibody titers, but concurrent liver and kidney disease is highly suspicious | leptospirosis |
| this is when the stomach fills up with gas and then twists, cutting off blood supply to parts of the stomach and putting pressure on the caudal vena cava | gastric dilation-volvulus (GDV) |
| this is seen primarily in deep chested dogs that present for collapse, in shock, dyspneic, dry heaving | gastric dilation-volvulus |
| what is the first order of treatment for a GDV | relieve dilation of stomach |
| this is seen most commonly in miniature schnauzers, history involves having consumed a high fat meal followed by vomiting, anorexia, painful abdomen | pancreatitis |
| CBC CHEM panel will show elevated ___, ___, and ___ | WBC; lipase; amylase |
| what is the most important treatment for pancreatitis to allow the pancrease to stop producing digestive enzymes | with holding food |
| medication given that supress the immune system | immunosuppressant |
| excess fat in the liver | hepatic lipidosis |
| liver coenzyme involved in metabolic reactions | SAMe |
| extract from milk thistle having hepatoprotective properties | silymarin |
| inflammation of the liver and bile ducts | cholangiohepatitis |
| combination of cholangiohepatitis, pancreatitis, and inflammatory bowel disease occurring together in cats | triaditis |
| this is resorption of cat tooth from the inside out, cause is idiopathic, condition is painful, yet the cat continues to eat | feline resorptive lesions |
| this is severe inflammation of the entire mouth, extremely painful, may be caused by hypersensitivity to plaque, full mouth extractions are generally needed | lymphocytic-plasmacytic stomatitis |
| generalized term encompassing multiple causes, only definitive diagnostic test is intestinal biopsy, if idiopathic immunosuppressants are frequently needed | inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) |
| sequela of prolonged anorexia in cats primarily, fat accumulates in the liver to the extent that liver cells are crowded out which results in liver failure | hepatic lipidosis |
| rapid weight loss, jaundice, and anorexia are typical symptoms, can be fatal if not treated, most important treatment is nutritional support | hepatic lipidosis |
| diagnosis of this can be difficult especially in cats, may involve radiogrpahs, abdominal ultrasound, or specialized tests such as PLI- canine test is in house, feline is sent to texas a&m | pancreatitis |
| decreases WBC | leukopenia |
| decrease in all white blood cell lines | panleukopenia |
| class of cytokines with antiviral, antiparasitic, and antineoplastic properties | interferon |
| virus in the blood stream | viremia |
| inflammation consisting of primarily macrophages | granulomatous inflammation |
| inflammation of blood vessels | vasculitis |
| caused by feline parvo virus, highly contagious via direct and indirect transmission, most commonly seen in shelters and catteries, can present as high fever and lethargy with or without GI and respiratory symptoms | feline panleukopenia |
| this can be potentially fatal especially in kittens, if cat survives infection will typically develope life-long immunity | feline panlaukopenia |
| this attacks the immune system of cats and can cause neoplasia( lymphoma is most common) symptoms can be anything, transmission is primarily via saliva over a long period of time, or mom to kitten in milk or transplacental, in house antigen test avaliable | feline leukemia virus (FeLV) |
| what is the 30% rule for FeLV? | 30% exposed will be viremic, 30% exposed will fight it off, 30% will hibernate the virus in the bone marrow |
| this attacks the immune system and can cause neoplasia(lymphoma most common) transmission is via saliva primarly through bite wounds, seen most commonly in unneutered males | feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) |
| in house antibody screening test is avaliable for this virus, there is no definitive treatment, managed to reduce or aggressively treat infections | FIV |
| this virus causes microabscess in tissues or around vessels in cats; has a wet form and a dry form | feline infectious peritonitis |
| feline infectious peritonitis in tissues will result in what form | dry |
| feline infectious peritionitis around vessels will result in what form | wet |
| this form of FIP will cause non-specific symptoms (ADR) | dry |
| this form of FIP will cause pleural effusion of ascites | wet |
| these are caused by herpesvirus and/or feline calicivirus | feline upper respiratory infections |
| these clinical signs are associated with what condition: nasal congestion, conjunctivitis, gingivitis and oral ulcerations | feline upper respiratory infections |
| this virus is highly virulent, causes peripheral edema, skin sloughing, and multiple organ system failure; primarily seen in shelter cats; transmited via fomites and airborn; vaccines and good husbandry/hygiene can prevent this virus | feline calicivirus |
| this virus is transmitted via fomites or airborne, lysine can decrease the severity and frequency of recurrent episodes related to its infections, vaccines and good husbandry/hygiene can prevent this virus | feline herpesvirus |
| what disease in dogs can cause obesity | hypothyroidism |
| Pertaining to the small intestine. | enteral |
| Not delivered via the intestinal tract | parenteral |
| passing a stomach tube via the mouth | orogastric |
| involving the insertion of a plastic tube through the nose, past the throat, and down into the stomach | nasogastric |
| The surgical formation of an opening directly into the esophagus for which a plastic tube is placed | esophagostomy |
| Creation of an artificial external opening into the stomach for nutritional support or gastrointestinal compression | gastrostomy |
| an alternative to gastrostomy when the stomach is unsuitable for a feeding tube; an artificial opening into the jejunum | jejunostomy |
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