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Bio 110 Exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 1 type of atom | element |
| Ion | atom with net electric charge |
| Ionic bonds | complete transfer of electrons from one ion to another |
| Cations vs. anions | Cations lose electrons, anions gain electrons |
| What do ionic bonds tend to form? | Crystalline solids |
| Covalent bonds | atoms share electrons |
| Nonpolar vs. polar | Nonpolar bonds: electrons are shared equally; Polar: electrons are shared unequally |
| What determines bond polarity | electronegativity -- Similar=nonpolar; large difference=polar |
| Define electronegativity | How much of a grip the atom has on the electron |
| If the difference between elements is ____________, the bond is polar covalent | greater than or equal to .5 |
| Organic compound elements in order of increasing electronegativity | H<C<N<O |
| Hydroxyl | R-OH |
| R-C=O | Carbonyl |
| Carboxyl | R-C=O..C-OH (C with both bonds) |
| R-C-N-H2 | Amino |
| Phosphate | R-O-P=O... P also has two P-O- bonds |
| Roles of water molecules in living things (4) | reactant, means of transport, solvent, temperature buffer |
| Define hydrogen bonding | H can be attracted to a more electronegative atom *Between molecules, not within |
| Which is stronger, a hydrogen bond or covalent bond? | Covalent |
| Bronsted-Lowry acid-base definition | Acid donates a proton and base accepts a proton |
| pH formula | pH = -log[H+] |
| Oxidation vs. reduction | Oxidation: the loss of electrons; Reduction: the gain of electrons |
| Polymers are made up of a chain of _________ | monomers |
| What are the four major classes of macromolecules | Carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids |
| Define condensation/dehydration | H-monomer-OH -- H-monomer-OH H2O is a product dimer: H-monomer-monomer-H |
| General form of a monomer | H-monomer-OH |
| Define hydrolysis | H-monomer-monomer-OH H20 reacts to break bonds H-monomer-OH |
| What are the monomers and polymers of carbohydrates? | Monomers: simple sugars/monosaccharides (glucose) Polymers: polysaccharides (cellulose, starch, glycogen) |
| What is the structure of cellulose? | Unbranched, linear chain of glucose held together through beta 1-4 linkage |
| What is the function of cellulose? | Gives shape and structure to plant cells |
| What is the structure of starch? | Partially branched glucose chain held together with alpha 1-4 bonds |
| What is the function of starch? | Storage form of glucose in plants |
| Can the human digestive system break down alpha-1-4 bonds, beta-1-4 bonds, or both? | alpha-1-4 |
| What is the structure of glycogen? | Highly branched chains of glucose bonded through alpha 1-4 linkage |
| What is the function of glycogen? | Storage form of glucose in humans and animals |
| What are the monomers and polymers of proteins? | Monomers: amino acids Polymers: polypeptides |
| What are five functions of proteins | enzymes, hormones/neurotransmitters, surface receptors, movement, structure |
| What is the amino acid structure? | Amino group - R - carboxylic acid |
| What are the monomers and polymers of nucleic acids? | Monomers: nucleotides Polymers: DNA/RNA |
| DNA vs. RNA | DNA: double stranded, held together through H-bonds; stores genetic info. RNA: single stranded; involved in expression of genetic info. |
| What's the basic structure of a nucleotide? | 1. Ribose sugar 2. Phosphate 3. Nitrogenous base |
| What's the structure of RNA? | Single stranded with a ribose-phosphate backbone and Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and Uracil bases |
| What's the structure of DNA? | Double stranded deoxyribose-phosphate backbone and Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine bases |
| What are the two types of lips? | Triglycerides and phospholipids |
| What is the structure and function of triglycerides? | Form of stored energy for plants and animals; Glycerol backbone with 3 fatty acid chains |
| What is a fatty acid? | Long CH2 chain with a carboxylic acid at the end |
| Saturated vs. Unsaturated fat | Saturated: straight chains of single C-C bonds (solid fats) Unsaturated: kinked chains of double C=C bonds (liquid oils) |
| Structure of phospholipids | 2 fatty acids attached to a glycerol and phosphate group; Polar hydrophilic heads and nonpolar hydrophobic tails |
| Two layers of phospholipids aligned with tails in and heads out; Phospholipid tails pointing inwards with heads pointing outwards in a circle | Phospholipid bilayer; Micelle |
| What is the function of phospholipids | Basis for biological membranes and membrane transport |
| What are the five characteristics of life? | 1. Complexity and organization 2. Respond to environment (homeostasis) 3. Growth and metabolism 4. Reproduction/heredity 5. Evolve... as groups |
| Cell theory | All living things made of cells; all cells come from pre-existing cells |
| What is the size range of cells? | 0.01mm - 0.1mm diameter |
| What is the size of cells limited by? | Transport rate; limited by surface area to volume ratio |
| What are the two types of cells and their defining difference? | Prokaryotic: lacks compartment for nuculeus Eukaryotic: distinct membrane bound nucleus |
| What are the two types of prokaryotic cells? | Bacteria and archaea |
| What is the bacteria cell wall composed of? | peptidoglycan |
| What is the function of the following prokaryotic cell optional portions? 1. Pili 2. Flagellum/ Cilia 3. Capsule | 1. Adhesive 2. Aids in movement 3. Encase; made of sugar |
| What organelles are in all prokaryotic cells? | Ribosomes, cytoplasm, nucleoid(no membrane), plasma membrane |
| What types of eukaryotic cells are there? | Animal, plant, fungal, protist |
| *Study fig 4.6/4.7 animal and plant cells | |
| What is the structure and function of the nucleus | Nucleolus- ridosome assembly Chromatin- genetic info storage Nuclear envelope- inner and outer membrane with pores to control traffic with cytoplasm |
| What is the function and an important structural feature of ribosomes | Protein synthesis; Not membrane bound |
| What is the endomembrane system? | Endoplasmic reticulum, golgi complex, vesicles |
| Describe the structure of the ER | Flattened sacs folded in cytoplasm; phospholipid bilayer walls; interior called lumin (empty hole in tube) |
| What is the function of the smooth ER | Lipid, cholesterol, and steroid synthesis; site of desaturation |
| What is the function of the rough ER | Protein manufacturing and exportation |
| Describe the structure of the golgi apparatus | Series of folded flattened sacs; lipid bilayer boundary; nonpolar cis face: receives vesicles from ER/ polar trans face: sends vesicles away from Golgi |
| What is the function of the golgi apparatus | distribution and packaging center; further modifies proteins |
| Exo vs. Endo cytosis Describe and explain how is the size effected by each? | Exo- materials leave, SA increases Endo- materials enter, SA decreases |
| What is the purpose of lysosomes | Digest material from outside the cell and worn out organelles |
| What are the two types of lysosomes | Primary: made by Golgi with digestive enzymes optimized at acidic pH Secondary: fuse with incoming material |
| What is the structure of the mitochondria | Outer membrane, intermembrane space, inner folded membrane(crista), soluble liquid central matrix |
| Where do mitochondria come from and what is its function | other mitochondria; energy metabolism |
| Name 3 organelles present in plant cells, not animal cells | cell wall, plastids(chloroplasts), vacuoles |
| Define thylakoid, granum, and stroma | single disk; stack of thylakoids; liquid, soluble material around grana |
| What is the purpose of vacuoles | Storage |
| What are peroxisomes | Small single membraned vesicles that remove peroxides from the rest of the cytoplasm |
| What organelle functions specifically to provide internal support | Cytoskeleton |
| What is found outside the cell in many tissues anEtra | extracellular matrix secreted from the surface. Comes from proteins made in the rER, moved to the golgi, the vesicles, and then the ECM |
| Peripheral vs. integral proteins | Peripheral: associated with the surface of membrane integral: included within membrane |
| Place in order of decreasing membrane permeability strength: urea, glucose, oxygen | Oxygen>Urea>Glucose |
| Define amphipathic and give an example of an amphipathic structure | Has hydrophobic and hydrophillic regions; phospholipids |
| On the Golgi Aparatus, what is the direction of the cis and trans face? | cis-in/ trans-out |
| As radius _____, SA to volume ratio _______ and the ability to support metabolism ________. | Increases; decreases; decreases |
| When solutes are added to a solute/water mixture, water potential __________. | decreases |
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jkmccord11
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