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PHARMACOLOGY
Weeks 1-4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| biologics, 5 examples: | hormones, monoclonal antibodies, natural blood products, interferon, vaccines |
| medical reference summarizing standards of a drug’s purity, strength and direction for synthesis | pharmacopoeia |
| 4 stages of approval for therapeutic and biologic drugs | 1) preclinical investigation 2) clinical investigation 3) review of new drug application (NDA) 4) post-marketing surveillance |
| therapeutic classification of drug is based on what the drug does... | clinically, i.e. anticoagulants, antidepressants, antihypertensives |
| pharmacologic classification of drugs is based on the drug’s... | mechanism of action at a molecular, tissue or body-system level, i.e. diuretics, calcium-channel blockers, adrenergic antagonists |
| define anaphylaxis | severe allergic reaction involving massive, systemic release of histamine and other chemical mediators of inflammation that can lead to life-threatening shock |
| CNS and hypertensive drugs are best administered when? | bedtime |
| What is first-pass metabolism? | inactivation of drug by processing in the liver |
| Does the transdermal delivery system avoid first-pass effect of the liver and enzymes? | yes |
| Does the nasal administration delivery system avoid first-pass effect of the liver and enzymes? | yes |
| Does the rectal administration delivery system avoid first-pass effect of the liver and enzymes? | yes |
| Parenteral drugs are administered via ___? | needle |
| define intradermal, subcutaneous:dermal layer of skin, deepest layers of skin | dermal layer of skin, deepest layers of skin |
| define intramuscular, intravenous | specific muscles, directly into bloodstream |
| Do the intradermal and subcutaneous administration delivery systems avoid first-pass effect of the liver and enzymes? | yes |
| name 4 common intramuscular injection sites | ventrogluteal, deltoid, dorsogluteal, Vastus Lateralis |
| IV (intravenous administration) produces the fastest drug onset action but also is unfortunately the most ___ method. | dangerous (contaminations, swift, adverse reactions) |
| What are the 3 types of IV administration? | large volume, intermittent fusion, IV bolus (push) |
| pharmacokinetics is the study of drug...? | movement through the body |
| name the 4 categories of pharmacokinetics | absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion |
| absorption is the primary factor in determining the length of time for the ___ of the drug to occur | effect |
| What are some factors that affect drug absorption? | route of administration, drug formulation, drug dose, digestive motility, digestive tract enzymes, blood flow at administration site, drug-drug or drug-food interaction, pH of surrounding environment |
| biotransformation is also known as | metabolism |
| The hepatic microsomal enzyme system (P-450 system) can ___ a drug or ___ drug excretion. Some agents known as ___ have no pharmacologic activity unless first metabolized to an active form by the body. | inactivate, accelerate, prodrugs |
| term that describes how much of a drug is available to produce a biologic response | bioavailability |
| certain tissues such as ___ ___, ___, ___ and ___ ___ have a high affinity (attraction) for certain medications | none marrow, eye, teeth, adipose tissue |
| When a drug is highly bound to protein complexes, what is the effect on the patient? | Drugs bound to protein are not available for distribution to body tissues and cannot cross capillary membranes. |
| primary site of excretion of drugs | kidneys |
| sites of excretion (excluding kidneys) are | respiratory system, glands, biliary system |
| In the enterohepatic recirculation of drugs, drugs are excreted in ___, which recirculates to the liver. This prolongs the activity of a drug (may last even after discontinuation) | bile |
| The concentration of medication in target tissue is often impossible to measure. It must be measured in ___. | plasma |
| amount of drug required to produce a therapeutic effect | minimum effective concentration |
| level of drug that will result in serious adverse effects | toxic concentration |
| plasma drug concentration between the minimum effective concentration and the toxic concentration | therapeutic range |
| The plasma half-life (t1/2) of drugs is the length of time needed to decrease drug ___ concentration by one half. The greater the 1/2 life, the longer it takes to ___. This half-life also determines drug ___ and ___. | plasma, excrete, frequency, doses |
| What kind of dose reaches plateau faster and quickly produces a therapeutic response? | loading dose |
| a ___ dose keeps plasma-drug concentration in a therapeutic range | maintenance |
| unpredictable and unexplained drug reactions are called | idiosyncratic |
| occupies a receptor site and prevents endogenous chemicals from acting | an antagonist |
| produces the same type of response as the endogenous substance | an agonist |
| a medication that produces a weaker response than an agonist | partial agonist |
| A narrow therapeutic index indicates that there is only a small amount of difference between the dosage needed to be ___ and the dosage that will be ___. | effective (ED50), toxic (LD50) |
| Extra caution should be taken with drugs with a narrow ___ index to avoid giving an excessive dose and to ensure patient safety. | therapeutic |
| how a medicine changes the body | pharmacodynamics |
| middle of frequency-distribution curve is the ___ ___ dose | median effective |
| median effective dose produces a ___ response in 50% of a group | therapeutic |
| the ___ ___ dose is used to assess safety of a drug, is determined in preclinical trials, is the lethal dose in 50% of group of animals and cannot be experimentally determined in humans | median lethal |
| the ___ ___ dose is needed because the median lethal dose cannot be tested in humans and is the dose that will produce given toxicity in 50% of a client group | median toxicity |
| therapeutic index measures a drug’s ___ ___, the higher the value-the ___ the drug | safety margin, safer |
| from a pharmacotherapeutic perspective, ___ is almost always more important than potency | efficacy |
| agonists bind to ___ and produce same response as ___ substance | receptor, endogenous |
| partial antagonists bind to ___, but produce ___ response than agonist | receptor, weaker |
| antagonists ___ receptor, prevent ___ chemical from acting and often compete with an ___ for receptor | occupy, endogenous, agonist |
| functional antagonists inhibit effects of an ___ by changing pharmacokinetic factors | agonist |
| Macromolecules bind to ___ molecules and are associated with ___ ___ or intracellular molecules. Medication binds to macromolecules in order to initiate effects. | endogenous, plasma membrane |
| two basic receptor types | alpha, beta |
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