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Rehab Research
Chapter 20- Statistical Reasoning
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is statistics? | a discipline in which mathematics and probability are applied in ways that allow researchers to make sense of their data |
| What is a frequency distribution? | a tally of the number of times each score is represented in a data set |
| What are the four ways to represent a frequency distribution? | 1. frequency distribution with percentages, 2. grouped frequency distribution with percentages, 3. frequency histogram, and 4. stem-and-leaf plot |
| How is the central tendency represented? | mean, median, and mode |
| What is the variability of a data set? | the amount of spread in the data |
| How is variability represented? | range, variance, standard deviation |
| What is a normal curve? | a symmetric frequency distribution that can be defined in terms of the mean and standard deviation of a set of data |
| How is normal distribution represented? | z Score and percentages of the normal distribution |
| What is sampling distribution? | a specific type of normal distribution |
| How is significant difference represented? | with a null hypothesis |
| What is the conventional level of chance that is tolerated (alpha level)? | 0.05 or 5% |
| What information is needed for the determination of statistical probabilities? | the magnitude of the differences between groups, the variability within a group, and the sample size |
| What is the effect size? | the between-group difference divided by a pooled version of the SD of the groups being compared |
| What is the purpose for determining effect size? | allows the relative magnitude of experimental effects to be compared across variables with different measurement characteristics |
| What is a Type I error? | if the statistical conclusion is that there is a difference between groups when in fact there is no difference |
| What is a Type II error? | occurs when the statistical conclusion is that there is no difference between the groups when in reality there is a difference |
| What is the probability of Type II error? | beta |
| What is the power of a test? | the likelihood that it will detect a difference when one exists; 1 - beta |
| What are the four major threats to statistical conclusion validity? | low power, lack of clinical importance, error rate problems, violated assumptions (and a fifth, failure to use intention-to-treat analysis) |
Created by:
amwilliamson
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