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Cardio Pulm Diff Dx
Differential Diagnoses in Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Systems
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Asthma | Wheezing cough Dry or productive mucoid sputum with plugs |
| Bronchitis | Chronic inflamm with cough and sputum production Wheezing or rhonchi breath sounds Productive mucoid or purulent sputum with infection May have fever |
| Cystic Fibrosis | May be obstructive, restrictive, or mixed Rales, wheezing, and/or decreased breath sounds Inability to gain weight Productive of large amounts of mucoid, mucopurulent, or purulent sputum. May have hemotysis, cyanosis, clubbing |
| Emphysema | Permanent abnormal enlargement and destruction of air spaces. Barreled chest Use of accessory ventilation muscles Decreased breath sounds with or without wheezing Dyspnea |
| Pneumothorax | Decreased or absent breath sounds Dry cough May have local or referred pain Tracheal deviation away from affected side Hyperresonant and tympanic percussion sound. |
| Tuberculosis (TB) | Slight nonproductive cough Hemoptysis Low grade fever Chest wall pain Possible chest x-ray changes |
| Pulmonary Edema | Can be due to LV failure, aortic valvular disease, mitral valvular disease, narcotic overdose. Dyspnea on exertion or paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea Fatigue Pink frothy sputum Positive chest x-ray Crackles |
| Pulmonary Emboli | Without infarction = tachypnea, anxiety, restlessness, rales (crackles), wheezing, decreased breath sounds With infaction = chest pain, hemoptysis, pleural friction rub, fever, positive chest x-ray |
| Pleural Effusion | Exessive fluid netween visceral and parietal pleura Decreased breath sounds over effusion Bronchial breath sounds around perimeter Mediastinal shift away from large effusion Breathlessness, with large effusions Chest x-ray shows fluid |
| Atelectasis | Collapsed or airless alveolar unit Decreased breath sounds Dyspnea Tachycardia Increased temperature Chest x-ray shows platelike streaks |
| Angina Pectoris | Pain in chest, jaw, or L shoulder Other symptoms = indigestion, dyspnea, dizziness, syncope, and anxiety. |
| Cor Pulmonale | Failure or hypertrophy of RV resulting from disorders of lungs, pulmonary vessels, or chest wall. Usually chronic, but may be acute and reversible. |
| Left Heart Failure | Forward; reduced CO Undue tachycardia, cold intolerance, fatigue, orthopnea, paroxysmal noctural dyspnea, cough, bronchospasm. Increased pulmonary artery pressure and pulmonary edema with dyspnea on exertion, cough, S3 (gallop) heart sound heard |
| Right Heart Failure | Backward; reduced venous return Venous hypertension and stasis, weight gain, fatigue, fullness in abdomen, increased pulmonary artery pressures with peripheral edema (weight gain, venous stasis, pitting edema), anorexia Pleural effusion (R>L) |
| Respiratory Alkalosis | pH incr, PaCO2 decr, HCO3 WNL Cause: alveolar hyperventilation Signs: dizziness, syncope, tingling, numbness, early tetany |
| Respiratory Acidosis | pH decr, PaCO2 incr, HCO3 WNL Cause: alveolar hypoventilation Signs: Early = anxiety, restlessness, dyspnea, headache. Late = confusion, coma, somnolence. |
| Metabolic Alkalosis | pH incr, HCO3 incr, PaCO2 WNL Causes: bicarbonate ingestion, vomiting, diuretics, adrenal disease Signs: vague symptoms weakness, mental dullness, possibly early tetany |
| Metabolic Acidosis | pH decr, HCO3 decr, PaCO2 WNL Causes: diabetic, lactic, or uremic acidosis, prolonged diarrhea Signs: secondary hyperventilation, nausea, lethargy, coma |
Created by:
cdesai
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