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Anatomy&Physiology,
Chapter 5:The Integument and Related Structures
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Integument | The skin of the body,consisting of dermis and epidermis. |
| Integumentary System | The skin and all of its related components,such as nails,hair,hooves,and horns. |
| Keratin | A tough,waterproof protein that makes up scales,the outer sheaths of beaks and claws,and feathers. |
| Keratinization | The normal formation of keratin inside epithelial cells of the skin. |
| Vitamin D | A fat-soluble vitamin essential for life in most organisms. |
| Epidermis | Composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium,it is the outermost layer of the skin. |
| Dermis | The deep,connective tissue portion of the skin that contains blood vessels,glands,and hair follicles. |
| Hypodermis | Subcutaneous Layer. |
| Subcutaneous Layer | The layer of adipose tissue located beneath the epidermis and dermis that insulates and protects the body. |
| What are the cell types that are found in the epidermis? | Keratinocytes,melanocytes,merkel cells,langerhans cells. |
| Keratinocytes | Cells that synthesize keratin. |
| What is the function of Keratinocytes? | Produce a tough,fibrous,waterproof protein called keratin that gives skin its resilency and strength. |
| Melanocyte | Cells located a/in the lower epidermis that process tyrosinase and melanin. |
| What is the function of melanocytes? | Produces the pigment found in skin. |
| Melanin | That sulfuous pigment produced by melanocytes,especially when stimulated by sunlight. |
| Melanosomes | Granules filled with melanin that are transferred from the melanocytes to the keratinocytes. |
| Langerhans Cells | The macrophages of the epidermis that phagocytize invading microoganisms and produce antigens. |
| What is the function of langerhans cells? | Phagocyttizes microinvaders and plans an important role in helping to stimulate other aspects of the immune system. |
| Merkel Cells | Thought to aid in tactile sensory function,these cells are located in small numbers within the epidermal-dermal junction. |
| What is the function of merkel cells? | To aid in the sensation of tough,taking on a half-dome shape. |
| Merkel Disk | The junction formed by Merkel's cells and sensory nerves. |
| What are the five layers of the epidermis? | Stratum germinativum,stratum spinosum,stratum granulosum,stratum lucidum,and stratum corneum. |
| Stratum Germinativum | The base layer of epidermis,composed of a single layer of cuboidal cells that divide to replenish the constantly eroding superficial layer of the epidermis. |
| Stratum Basale | Stratum Germinativum. |
| Stratum Spinosum | The prickle cell layer.The weblike layer of epidermis dense with intercellular attachments. |
| Stratum Granulosum | The granular layer of epidermis containing keratohyaline and lamellated granules,located between the stratum germinativum and the stratum lucidum. |
| Stratum Lucidum | The clear layer of epidermis prsent only in very thick skin,such as that of the paw pads. |
| Stratum Corneum | The horny layer of the epidermis lying most superficially on the skin's surface. |
| Describe the process of keratinization. | Older cells are pushed away from nutrients and undergo profound changes.They fill with keratohyaline granules,lose nucleui,cytosol,and organelles,ultimately become lifeless sheets of keratin. |
| Tactile Elevations | Small elevations located throughout the surface of the epidermis,usunally containing a tactile hair. |
| Tactile Hair | Hairs sensitive to touch. |
| Tylotrich Hairs | Tactile hairs used to aid in the perception of touch. |
| Dermis | The deep,connective tissue portion of the skin that contains blood vessels,glands,and hair follicles. |
| What are the structures that comprise the Dermis? | Papillar layer,Dermal papillae,and reticular layer. |
| Papillar Layer | Layer of loose connective tissue that is intimately adjoined with the epidermis. |
| Dermal Papillae | Nipplelike projections that rise up into the epidermis formed by the papillary layer of the dermis. |
| Meissner's Corpuscles | The oval,tactile nerve endings,both myelinated and unmyelinated,found w/in the dermal papillae of the epidermis. |
| Reticular Layer | Layer of irregular connective tissue that composes the majority of the dermis. |
| What is the function of the Papillar layer? | Forms nipplelike projections called dermal papillar. |
| What is the function of the dermal papillae? | Help to cement the epidermis and dermis together. |
| What is the function of the reticular layer? | Blends to papillary layers to represent tension lines in the skin. |
| List the structure that comprise the hypodermis. | A loose layer of areolar tissue that is rich with adipose,blood and lymphatic vessels,and nerves. |
| Pacinian Corpuscle. | Tactile nerve endings located w/in the subcutaneous tissue of the skin. |
| Pigmentation | The degree of coloration dependent on the concentration of melanin. |
| Melanocyte-stimulating Hormone (MSH) | The anterior pituitary hormone that apparently influences the pigment cells of the skin. |
| Hypophysis | Pituitary gland. |
| What are the unique features of paw pads? | Many species have multiple footpads.Theses include:carpal pads,metacarpal and metatarsal pads,and digital pads.The pad is also composed of exocrine sweat glands and lamellar corpuscles. |
| Planum Nasale | The topmost plane of the muzzle in such species as cats,dogs,pigs,and sheep. |
| What are the unique features of planum nasale? | Composed of 3 epidermal layers;it is not composed of stratum lucidum and stratum granulosum. |
| Planum Nasolabials | The topmost plane of the muzzle including the upper lip in such species as horses and cows. |
| Chestnuts | Believed to be the vestigial remants of the carpal and tarsal bones or extra toes possessed by ancestors of the modern horse. |
| Ergots | Believed to be the vestigial remnant of metacarpal and metatarsal pads,they are the horny keratinized growths located behind the fetlocks of all equids. |
| Infraorbital Pouch | A pouch of cutaneous tissue found cranial to the medial canthus of the eye in sheep and other ungulates.Also called lacrimal pouch. |
| Interdigital Pouch | A pouch of cutaneous tissue that exudes a waxy substance.Found between the toes of sheep and other cloven-hoofed animals. |
| Inguinal Pouch | Also knows as mammary pouch.A pouch of cutaneous tissue found w/in the inguinal area of sheep. |
| Hair Follicle | Tubelike invaginations of the epidermis that traverse through the dermis into the connective tissue,where the hair is rooted. |
| What are the parts of the hair follicles? Describe how they grow. | Shaft-visible above skin.root-buried w/in skin.hair bulb-deepest part of hair follicle expands to form this.papilla-at base of bulb is a mound of dermal cells called this.matrix-covers the papilla. |
| Root Hair Plexus | The arrangement of sensory nerves located at the root of the hair follicle that enable it to sense touch. |
| Compound Follicles | Follicles through which more than one hair emerges. |
| Epidermal Orifice | The actual opening of the hair follicle through which the hair emerges. |
| Primary Hair | The large,straight hairs predominant in complex hair follicles. |
| Secondary Hairs | The smaller,yet most numerous hairs in an animal's under coat. |
| Medulla | The innermost layer of a hair strand made of two or three layers of flexible,soft keratin. |
| Cortex | In hair,it is the layer surrounding the medulla composed of hard keratin. |
| Cuticle | The single layer of cells that make up the outermost layer of the hair shaft. |
| Telogen Effluvium | The overall hair loss that occurs from the hair follicles being in a synchronized telogenic phase."Blowing the coat." |
| Anagen Phase | The active phase of hair growth. |
| Telogen Phase | The resting phase of hair growth. |
| Catagen Phase | The transitional phase between anagen and telogen phases of the hair growth cycle. |
| Pheomelanin | A sulfur-based,yellow-brown pigment that produces a reddish color in hair. |
| Tyrosine Melanin | The pigment that produces brown-black colors in hair. |
| List and describe the three types of hair. | Wool-type hair-secondary hairs.Sinus Hairs-tactile hairs.Primary Hairs-guard hairs. |
| Primary Hairs | The large,straight hairs predominant in complex hair follicles. |
| Tactile Hairs | Hairs sensitive to touch. |
| Implantation Angle | The degree of angle with regard to a shaft of hair. |
| Arrector Pili Muscle | Smooth muscle that is attached to the base of the hair follicle. |
| Describe the structure and location of sebaceous glands. | Located all over the body except in certain specialized regions,such as paw pads and the planum nasale.Glands in the dermis may be simple or complex alveolar structures. |
| Sebum | Secretion of the sebaceous gland containing oils and epithelial cells. |
| Lanolin | Fat-based secretion of the sheep's sebaceous glands. |
| Sweat Glands | Coiled glands,either merocrine or apocrine,located in the corium of all the body's subcutaneous flesh with few exceptions. |
| Eccrine Gland | Exocrine glands that secrete substances directly onto the skin without the loss of cellular material. |
| Apocrine Sweat Glands | Exocrine glands that secrete substances into the hair follicle,rather than directly to the skin surface. |
| What is the difference in eccrine and apocrine sweat glands? | Apocrine empty into hair follicles.Eccrine empty onto the surface of the skin. |
| Tail Gland | An oval region filled with many sevaceous and apocrine glands,located over the eighth coccygeal vertebrae. |
| Anal Sacs | Perianal sacs,containing apocrine and sebaceous glands,that are located at 5 & 7 o'clock positions relative to the anus. |
| Defecation | The expelling of feces. |
| Claws | Accessory appendages of the integumentary system present mainly in carnivores for the porpose of grasping prey and self-dense. |
| Distal Phalanx Bones | The bone of the phalanx that is located most distal from the body;the tip of the digit. |
| Dewclaws | A toe that does not reach the ground,such as the first digit of dogs and cats and the rudimentary medial and lateral toes of cattle. |
| Metacarpal Bones | Bones of the forelimb that lie between the carpals and phalanges of quadrupeds. |
| Phalangeal Bones | The bones that compose the digits. |
| Hoof | Ungula. |
| Ungula | An alternate name for the hoof. |
| Ungulates | The taxonomic classification of animals that includes all hoofed animals,both wild and domestic. |
| Corium | The dermis of the skin. |
| Laminar Corium | Provides nutrients to the stratum internum. |
| Laminitis | Manifests itself as extreme pain and heat in the equine hoof because of swelling and inflammation of the sensitive laminae. |
| Perioplic Corium | Located in the perioplic sulcus and supplies nutrients to the overlaying periople. |
| Coronary Corium | The part of the corium that has differentiated to provide nourishment to the hoof at the site of the coronary band. |
| Sole Corium | Located superior to the sole and provides nutrients to the sole. |
| Frog Corium | Located superior to the frog and provides nutrients to the frog. |
| Coronary Band | The part of the hoof that articulates with the skin. |
| Navicular Bone | The distal sesamoid bone of the horse.Its located deep in the hoof behind the joint between the middle and distal phalanges. |
| Coffin Bone | The distal phalanx bone,which is the entire third phalanx of the skeletal foot of the horse. |
| Laminae | The interdigitations between the corium and hoof that serve as the attachment sites between the hoof and coffin bone. |
| Hoof Wall | The external,cornified portion of the hoof. |
| Toe | The most anterior region of the hoof. |
| Quarters | ThThe medial and lateral regions of the hoof. |
| Heel | The most posterior region of the hoof. |
| Horn Tubes | Minute lines that traverse the hoof wall vertically from the germinating layer of the coronary band to the sole. |
| Sole | The concave plantar and palmar portion of the hoof. |
| Angle | The angle of the hoof wall as viewed from a leteral aspect when the foot is flat on the ground. |
| White Line | The white or light-colored region that marks where the wall and sole of the hoof adjoin. |
| Frog | The thick triangular pad located on both the plantar and palmar surfaces of the horse's hoof. |
| Point | The portion of the frog that points to the cranial surface of the horse's hoof. |
| Central Sulcus | The central depression of the frog in the equine hoof. |
| Collateral Sulcus | Deep ridge on either side of the frog that separates it from the bars in the equine hoof. |
| Digital Cushion | A thick pad of fat and fibrous tissue that lies beneath the sensitive frog. |
| Lateral Cartilages | Two large bands of cartilage contained within the equid hoof that,in conjunction with the frog and digital cushion,aid in venous return. |
| Horns | A horny,keratinized extension of the frontal bone in ruminate ungulates. |
| Polled Breeds | Hornless animals from species that normally produce horns. |
| Velvet Skin | The soft skin on the antlers of deer that provides a vascular source necessary during the early seasonal growth of the antler. |
| Why is skin important? | It covers and protects underlying structures and forms a critical barrier between the delicate inner workings of the body and the harsh elements of the external world. |
| What is the process of keratinization so important? | It enables millions of dead cells to rub off or exfoliate daily at no expense to the health of the animal. |
| How is the skin of hairy animals different from that of humans? | Skin covered with fur usually consists of three epidermal layers rather than five. |
| How is the dermis different from the epidermis? | The dermis is highly fibrous and the epidermis is primarily cellular. |
| What causes pigmentation of skin? | The presence or absence of melanin ganules in the armlike extensions of the melanocytes. |
| How are pawpads and the planum nasale different from other regions of the skin? | They forms are different.They are tough and thick. |
| What are the three cycles of hair growth? | Anagen,catagen,telogen. |
| Why does hair turn gray and then white as animals age? | Melanin production decreases.White hair is formed when the cortex loses its pigment entirely and the medulla becomes completely filled with air. |
| What factors stimulate contraction of the arrector pili muscle?Why is this muscle important? | When frightened or cold the animals hair will stand up.It is a defense mechanism designed to make the animal appear bigger and therefore less vulnerable to potential predators. |
| Where are anal sacs found and what is their importance to animals? | Located at the 5 & 7 o'clock positions reative to the anus.Important for elimination,marking territory,and attracting a mate. |
| What is the part of the horse's hoof that makes up the largest part of the hoof's bottom surface? | Sole. |
| What gives color to the skin? | Melanin. |
Created by:
jrledoux@yahoo.com