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Urinary System

Question	Answer
Uremic poisoning	toxic levels in the blood
Nephron	microscopic unit of a kidney
Renal Medulla	inner portion of the kidney
Erythropoietrin	stimulates production of erythrocytes
Bowman capsule	cup shaped top of a nephron
Function of the kidney	clean waste from the blood
Renal pyramids	triangular division of the kidney
Henle loop	extension of the proximal tubule of the kidney
Calyx	division of the renal pelvis
Retroperitoneal	located behind the peritoneum
Reabsorption	material moves from tubule into the blood
Filtration	first step in the urine production
Renal papilla	narrow end of the pyramid
Renal cortex	outer part of the kidney
Glycosuria	glucose in the urine
Glomerulus	blood capillary inside the Bowman capsule
Renal pelvis	upper expansion of the urteter
NaCl	sodium chloride; table salt
Proximal convoluted tubule	first part of the renal tubule
Potassium	Vitamin K
Nephron is composed of two principal components	renal corpuscle and renal tubule
Renal corpuscle consist of	Glomerulus and Bowman capsule
Renal tubule consist of	Proximal convoluted tubule Loop of the Henle Distal convoluted tubule Collecting duct
Where does filteration occur	Renal corpuscles
Where does reabsorption occur	Renal tubule
What carries urine from the kidneys	ureter
ANH (Atrial Natruretic Hormone)	secreted from the heart; increases urine output; urine loss hormone
Oliguria	scanty amount of urine
ADH (Antidiuretic hormone)	secreted from the posterior pituitary gland; decreases the amount of urine
PKU	Phenylketonuria
Secretion	moves urine into the distal collecting duct
Sodium	encourages water retention; most abundant positive ion
Anuria	absence of urine
Renal Pelvis	uppermost part of the ureter
Glycosuria	sign of diabetes
Urinalysis	examination of urine
Casts	particle found in urine
Rugae	folds in the urinary bladder
Trigone	smooth area in the bladder
Polyuria	large amount of urine
Urethra	carries urine from the bladder
Urinary catheterization	inserting a hollow tube for withdrawal of urine
Sphincter	ring of muscula tissue
Urinary Supression	body is not producting urine
Urination	micturition
Renal colic	kidney stone pain
Stress incontinence	urine loss associated with coughing or heavy lifting
Kidney stones	can be caused by hydronephrosis
Urinary meatus	opening of the urethra
Overflow incontinence	common with prostate problems
Emptying reflex	nerve impulse generated by the sacral spine
Internal urinary sphincter	involuntary
Enuresis	involuntary urination
Reflex incontinence	common following a spinal cord injury
Urinary retention	unable to void urine
Urethra	is much longer in a man
Dysuria	sign of a bladder infection
Renal calculi	kidney stones
Nocturnal enuresis	bed wetting at night
Hydronephrosis	swelling of kidney due to backup of urine
Lithotripsy	procedure to break up a kidney stone
Nephrities	inflammation of the kidney
Urethritis	inflammation of the urethra
Pyelonephritis	inflammation of the renal pelvis
Edema	tissue swelling
Hematuria	blood in the urine
Glomerulonephritis	inflammation of the glomerularus and kidney; damage to the glomerulus
Hypoalbuminemia	low albumin levels
Cystoscope	instrument to view the bladder
Proteinura	albumin in the urine
PKD	Polycystic kidney disease
Overactive bladder	need for frequent urinatiion
Renal Failure Stage 1	asymptomatic
Renal Failure Stage 2	renal insufficiency; concentrate urine is impaired; polyuria; dehydration
Renal Failure Stage 3	Uremic syndrome; low urine production; oliguria; edema; hypertension; death
Retention	Bladder does not empty
Cystitis	Inflammation of the urinary bladder
Micturition	Urination
Suppression	Kidneys not producing urine
Kidneys	The principal organ of the urinary system
Uremia	The condition that occurs when waste products in the blood quickly accumulate to toxic levels
The cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus function to regulate	Blood Pressure
Urine is formed by the nephron by means of which three processes?	filtration, reabsorption, and secretion
How much is reabsorbed from the proximal tubules?	99%
The ureter of each kidney conducts urine from the kidney to the...	bladder
Attacks of renal colic are caused by	kidney stones
The mechanism for voiding urine begins with the voluntary relaxation of the...	external sphincter muscle of the bladder
Complete destruction or transsection of the sacral cord may lead to a condition called...	cystitis
Capillary Blood Pressure	Blood pressure within capillary vessels
Diurectic	A substance that stimulates the production of urine
Overhydration	Excessive amount of IV fluid-given to rapidly
Aldosterone	Controls sodium reabsorption; reduces urine volume; causes an increase in extracellular fluid
Water	Body's most abundant compound
Urine volume is regulate by...	hormones, ADH, and aldosterone
Ion	dissociated parts of an electrolyte; electrically charged atom or group of atoms
Renal tubule	one of the two principle parts of the nephron
Kidney	cleanses blood of waste
Edema	accumulation of fluid in tissues causing swelling
Substances that dissolve or break apart in water solution are called	electrolytes
The total body water can be subdivided into the...	intracellular and extrcellular fluid compartments
The three sources of fluid intake are	liquids, food, and catabolism of food
Factors for controlling plasma, interstitial fluid, and intracellular fluid volumes...	concentration of electrolytes in extracellur fluid capillary blood pressure concentration of proteins in blood
This mechanism tends to restore normal extracellular fluid volume when it decreases below normal	aldosterone mechanism
What is the most important factor in determing urine volume? The rate of water and salt	resorption by the renal tubules
type of bond that does not permit the compound to break up in a solution are called...	nonelectrolytes
The dissociated parts of an electrolyte are	ions
Sodium is almost completely reabsorbed in the	large intestine
As capillary blood pressure increases	more fluid is filtered out of the blood into the IF
The amount of water that moves out of capillary blood into the IF depends on capillary blood pressure; however, the amount that moves in the opposite direction depends largely on the concentraton of	proteins in blood plasma
A substance that promotes or stimulates the production of urine is a	diuretic
The presence of abnormally large amounts of fluid in the intercellular tissue spaces of the body is a condition called	edema
The danger of giving intravenous fluids too rapidly or in too large amounts may lead to...	overhydration a heavy burden on the heart
Anything that causes an appreciable decrease in respirations will in time produce	acidosis
Repeated excessive vomiting results in	alkalosis
Untreated diabetes causes	acidosis
A pH higher than 7.0 is	alkaline
a pH lower than 7.0 is	acid
With a bicarbonate deficit, the pH is	acid
With a pH of 7.7, bicarbonate is	alkaline
With rapid excessive increase in respirations, the pH will be	alkalosis
With a pH of gastric juice at 1.6, it is	acid
Blood pH is said to be	alkaline
The mechanisms of the body operate to maintain the constancy of pH	buffers, respiratory mechanism, and urinary mechanism
Venous blood has a pH of...	7.35
Arterial blood has a pH of...	7.45
Ketone Bodies	the accumulation of these acidic substances is a result of excessive metabolism of fats
The technique adopted by some athletes that involves ingesting large amounts of sodium bicarbonate to counteract the effect of lactic acid buildup is called	bicarbonate loading
When respiration is decreased, CO2 content	increases, H2CO3(carbonic acid) increases, and pH decreases
Decrease in blood pH below normal (acidosis) tends to	stimulate increased respirations
Anything that causes an excessive increase in respirations will in time produce	alkalosis
The body's last and best defense against wide variations in blood pH is the	kidneys
When a hydrogen ion diffuses out of the tubule cell into the urine, it replaces one of the sodium ion to form...	salt, which leaves the body in the urine
Disturbances in the acid-base balance can be dependent on the relative ratio of	NaHCO3(sodium bicarbonate) and H2CO3(carbonic acid)
Blood levels of NaHCO3(sodium bicarbonate) are regulated by the kidneys while H2CO3(carbonic acid) levels are regulated by the...	lungs
The condition that occurs as a result of blood levels of NaHCO3(sodium bicarbonate) decreasing, thus resulting in a lower ratio of NaHCO3(sodium bicarbonate) to H2CO3(carbonic acid), is called	uncompensated metabolic acidosis
ICF	intracellular fluid; located inside the cells
IF	interstitial fluid; found around the cells
Fluid output	lungs, skin, kidneys, large intestine
Plasma	liquid part of the blood; ECF(extracellular fluid)
Blood protein decreases...	blood volume decreases, (IF) interstitial fluid volume increases
dissociate	break up
dehydration	fluid imbalance most commonly seen
nonelectrolytes	doesn't dissolve in water
high blood pressure increases...	(IF) interstitial fluid
chloride	most abundant negative ion
pitting edema	depressions in the skin that won't rapidly refill
Hypernatremia	increased sodium levels
Hypokalemia	decreased potassium levels
Hypercalcemia	increased calcium levels
Sodium	Natrium
Potassium	Kalium
Calcium	calcemia
Hyponatremia	decreased sodium levels
Hyperkalemia	increased potassium levels
Hypocalcemia	decreased calcium levels
Blood pressure goes up...	Interstitial Fluid (IF) increases
Blood pressure goes down...	Interstitial Fluid (IF) decreases
Plasma Proteins goes up...	Interstitial Fluid (IF) decreases
Plasma Proteins goes down...	Interstitial Fluid (IF) increases
The extracellular fluid compartment is...	composed of interstitial fluid and plasma
The largest volume of water in the human body is contained in which fluid compartment?	intercellular
Urine volume is regulated by three hormones:	ADH released from the pituitary gland aldostrone released from the adrenal cortex ANH (Atrial Natriuretic hormone)
When the blood level of aldostrone increases sodium is moved from the kidney tubules to the...	blood
Increased capillary pressure moves fluid from the plasma to the...	interstitial fluid
Blood plasma proteins act to move interstitial fluid into the...	plasma
When extracellular fluid volume decreases	aldosterone secretion increases kidney tubule reabsorption of sodium increases urine volume decreases
Acid-base balance means...	keeping the concentration of hydrogen ion in body fluids relatively constant
a pH higher than 7.0 indicates a...	base solution
a pH lower than 7.0 indicates an...	acid solution
NaHCO3	sodium bicarbonate
H2CO3	cardonic acid
H+	hydrogen ions
OH-	Hydroxide ions
Most common buffer pair is	baking soda and carbonic acid
Acid range is...	0 - 6.99
Base range is...	7.01 - 15
Metabolic acidosis	bicarbonate deficit
Metabolic alkalosis	bicarbonate excess
Respiratory acidosis	carbonic acid excess
Respiratory alkalosis	carbonic acid deficit
Acidosis	pH imbalance, level falls closer to 7
Alkalosis	pH imbalance, level climbs higher than normal
Respiratory acidosis is caused by...	depressed breathing
Metabolic alkalosis is caused by...	loss of gastric fluid
Respiratory alkalosis is caused by...	hyperventilation
Metabolic acidosis is caused by...	uncontrolled diabetes
Blood levels of NaHCO (sodium bacarbonate) can be regulated by the...	kidneys
Blood levels of H2CO3 (carbonic acid) can be regulated by the...	lungs

Created by: themcdermitts

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