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Physiology Ch.6-A
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| AFFERENT NEURON | neuron that carries information from sensory receptors at it's peripheral endings to the CNS; cell bodies lie outside the CNS |
| ANTEROGRADE | movement of a substance or action potential in the forward direction from a neuron's dendrites and/or cell body toward the axon terminal |
| APOPTOSIS | programmed cell death that typically occurs during differentiation and development |
| ASTROCYTE | a form of glial cell that regulates composition of extracellular fluid around neurons and forms part of the blood-brain barrier |
| AXON | extension from neuron cell body; propagates action potentials away from cell body; also called a nerve fiber |
| AXON HILLOCK | part of the axon nearest the cell body where the action potential begins |
| AXON TERMINAL | end of axon; forms synaptic or neuroeffector junction with post junctional cell |
| AXONAL TRANSPORT | process involving intracellular filaments by which materials are moved from one end of the axon to the other |
| BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER | group of anatomical barriers and transport systems in brain capillary endothelium that controls the kinds of substances entering the brain extracellular space from the blood and their rates of entry |
| CELL BODY | in cells with long extensions, the part that contains the nucleus |
| CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSYEM (CNS) | brain & spinal cord |
| COLLATERAL | branch of a neuron axon |
| DENDRITE | highly branched extension of neuron cell body; receives synaptic input from other neurons |
| DENDRITIC SPINES | a small protrusion from a dendrite that receives a synapse from an axon |
| DYNEIN | motor protein that uses the energy from ATP to transport attached cellular cargo molecules along microtubules. |
| EFFERENT NEURON | neuron that carries information away from the CNS to effector cells |
| EPENDYMAL CELL | type of glial cell that lines internal cavities of the brain & produces CSF |
| GLIAL CELL | nonneuronal cell in CNS; helps regulate extracellular environment of CNS; also called neuroglia |
| GROWTH CONE | tip of a developing axon |
| INITIAL SEGMENT | first portion of axon, plus the part of the cell body where the axon arises |
| INTEGRATOR | brain region that compares the actual value of a variable, such as body temperature, to a set point. |
| INTERNEURON | neuron whose cell body and axon lie entirely in the CNS & forms circuits with other interneurons or connects afferent and efferent neurons |
| KINESIN | motor protein that uses the energy from ATP to transport attached cellular cargo along microtubules |
| MICROGLIA | a type of glial cell that acts as a macrophage |
| MYELIN | insulating material covering axons of many neurons; consists of layers of myelin-forming cell plasma membrane wrapped around the axon |
| NERVE | a group of many nerve fibers traveling together in the peripheral nervous system (they can be afferent nerves carrying thousands of nerve fibers to the CNS, or can be efferent nerves carrying thousands of bundled efferent fibers from the CNS to the PNS) |
| NERVE FIBER | axon of a neuron |
| NEURON | cell in nervous system specialized to initiate, integrate, & conduct electrical signals |
| NEUROTRANSMITTER | chemical messenger used by neurons to communicate with each other, or with effectors |
| NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR | protein that stimulates growth & differentiation of some neurons |
| NODE OF RANVIER | space between adjacent myelin-forming cells along myelinated axon where the axonal plasma membrane is exposed to extracellular fluid; also called neurofibril node |
| OLIGODENDROCYTE | type of glial cell; responsible for myelin formation in the CNS |
| PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (PNS) | nerve fibers extending from the CNS |
| PLASTICITY | the ability of neural tissue to change its responsiveness to stimulation because of its past history of activation |
| POSTSYNAPTIC NEURON | neuron that conducts information away from a synapse |
| PRESYNAPTIC NEURON | neuron that conducts action potentials toward a synapse |
| PROCESS | long extension from the neuron cell body |
| RETROGRADE | movement of a substance or action potential backward along a neuron, from axon terminals toward the cell body and dendrites |
| SCHWANN CELL | nonneural cell that forms myelin sheath in the peripheral nervous system |
| SENSORY RECEPTOR | a cell/portion of a cell that contains structures of chem. mols. sensitive to changes in an energy form in the outside world , or int. envir.; in response to activation by this energy, the sensory receptor initiates act. pots. in that cell/adjacent cell. |
| SOMA | cell body of a neuron |
| STEM CELL | cell that in the adult body, divides continuously and forms a supply of cells for differentiation |
| SYNAPSE | an anatomically specialized junction between two neurons where electrical activity in one neuron influences excitability of a second neuron; see also chemical/electrical/excitatory/inhibitory synapse |
| VARICOSITY | swollen region of axon; contains neurotransmitter-filled vesicles; analogous to presynaptic ending |
| PARKINSON'S DISEASE | a degenerative nervous system disease resulting in progressive loss of movement |
| 2 PARTS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM | CNS - brain & spinal cord PNS - nerves extending from the CNS |
| BASIC UNIT OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM | nerve cell, or neuron |
| WHERE DO THE CELL BODY & DENDRITES RECEIVE INFORMATION FROM? | other neurons |
| WHAT TRANSMITS INFORMATION TO OTHER NEURONS OR EFFECTOR CELLS? | the axon (nerve fiber), which may be covered with sections of myelin separated by nodes of Ranvier |
| 3 WAYS TO CLASSIFY NEURONS | 1. Afferent neurons 2. Efferent neurons 3. Interneurons |
| RELEASED BY PRESYNAPTIC NEURONS & COMBINE WITH PROTEIN RECEPTORS ON A POSTSYNAPTIC NEURON; THEY TRANSMIT INFO. ACROSS A SYNAPSE | neurotransmitters |
| FOUND IN THE CNS; HELPS REGULATE ECF COMPOSITION; SUSTAINS NEURONS METABOLICALLY; FORM MYELIN & BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER; SERVE AS GIUDES FOR DEVELOPING NEURONS; PROVIDE IMMUNE FUNCTIONS; REGULATES CSF | glial cells |
| WHERE DO NEURONS DEVELOP FROM? | stem cells |
| THIS MARKEDLY DECREASES BETWEEN BIRTH & ADULTHOOD | cell division to form new neurons and the plasticity to remodel after injury |
| TRANSMIT INFO. INTO THE CNS FROM RECEPTORS AT THEIR PERIPHERAL ENDINGS | afferent neurons |
| FUNCTION AS INTEGRATORS & SIGNAL CHANGERS | interneurons |
| TRANSMIT INFO. OUT OF THE CNS TO EFFECTOR CELLS, PARTICULARLY MUSCLES, GLANDS, OR OTHER NEURONS | efferent neurons |
| HAVE NO DENDRITES (DO NOT RECEIVE INPUTS FROM OTHER NEURONS) | afferent neurons |
| ACCOUNT FOR 99% OF ALL NEURONS | interneurons |
| CELL BODY & LONG PERIPHERAL PROCESS OF THE AXON ARE IN THE PNS; ONLY SHORT CENTRAL PROCESS OF THE AXON ENTERS THE CNS | afferent neurons |
| INTEGRATE GROUPS OF AFFERENT & EFFERENT NEURONS INTO REFLEX CIRCUITS | interneurons |
| CELL BODY, DENDRITES, & A SMALL SEGMENT OF THE AXON ARE IN THE CNS; MOST OF THE AXON IS IN THE PNS | efferent neurons |
| LIE ENTIRELY WITHIN THE CNS | interneurons |
Created by:
kmaresco
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