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3 - Ethics & Philos
Research Ethics & Philosophies
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What did the people do after the Nuremberg War Crime Trials? | Protection of participants in research |
| Nuremberg War Crime Trials | Event occurred in 1946; exposed horrific medical experiments conducted by Nazi doctors and others in the name of "science" |
| 1970s, Americans were shocked to learn that researchers funded by the U.S. Public Health Service had followed 399 low-income _______ ________ ___ with ________ in the 1930s, collecting data to study the "natural" course of the illness. | African American men, Syphilis |
| African American men with syphilis in the 1930s - Many participants were ___ ________ of their illness and were ______ _________ until the 1972, even though a cure (penicillin) was developed in the 1950s. | Not Informed, Denied Treatment |
| The Commission's 1979 "_______ ______" established 3 basic ethical principles for the protection of human subjects | Belmont Report |
| What are "Belmont's Report" the three basic principles for the protection of human subjects? | Respect for Persons, Beneficence, Justice |
| "Belmont Report" - Treating persons as autonomous agents and protecting those with diminished autonomy | Respect for Persons |
| "Belmont Report" - Minimizing possible harms and maximizing benefits | Beneficence |
| "Belmont Report" - Disturbing benefits and risks of research fairy | Justice |
| The Department of Health and Human Services and the Food and Drug Administration; translated these principles into specific regulations that were adopted in 1991 | Federal Policy for the Protection of Human Subjects |
| American Sociological Association | A professional association; which is a university review boards, and ethics committees in other organizations also set standards for the treatment of human subjects by their members, employees, and students; standards comply w/ federal policy |
| Office for Protection From Research Risks in the National Institutes of Health | Monitors IRB (Institutional Review Board), with the exception of research involving drugs |
| Ethical Principles - Achieving Valid Results - What is the necessary starting point for ethical research practice? | Valid Results |
| Ethical Principles - Achieving Valid Results - Explain what is the goal of validity | That motivates and justifies our investigations and gives us some claim to the right to influence others to participate in a research. |
| Milgram's Obedience Experiments | Milgram's 1963 article and 1974 book make a compelling case for his commitment to achieving valid results to learning how and why obedience influences behavior in his own words |
| Milgram argued that the study of obedience is based on the... | Psychological Experiment |
| Ethical Principles - Honesty & Openness - The scientific concern with validity requires in turn that scientists be ____ in disclosing their methods and ______ in presenting their findings. | Open, Honest |
| Ethical Principles - Honesty & Openness - _________ or _________ pressures to find particular outcomes or to achieve the most marketable results is unlikely to be carried out in a honest and open fashion. | Political, Personal |
| Ethical Principles - Honesty & Openness - Must include what in their article? | Methodology section |
| The act of ___________ itself is a vital element in maintaining openness and honesty. | Publication |
| ________ is also essential if researchers are to learn from the work of others. | Openness |
| Ethical Principles - Protecting Research Participants - List some ethical guidelines. | no harm to subjects, be voluntary, subjects give informed consent to participate, Disclose their identity,Anonymity/confidentiality must be maintained for individual research participants unless its voluntary & explicitly waived, benefits outweigh risks |
| Postexperimental Procedures | To assure that the subject would leave the laboratory in a state of well being |
| De-hoaxing | A comprehensive Report |
| Famous "Prison Stimulation Study" at Standford University | To investigate the impact of social position on behavior - specifically, the impact of being either a guard or a prisoner in a prison, a "Total Institution" |
| Zimbardo's Prison Stimulation Study | Its about the young men volunteer to act like they are a prisoner or guard |
| Obtain Informed Consent - Explain | Must be given by a person who are competent to consent, consented voluntarily, are fully informed about the research and have comprehended what they have been told |
| Obtain Informed Consent - Due to the inability to communicate perfectly. Explain | Full disclosure of everything that could possibly affect a given subject's decision to participate is not possible = Not ethically required |
| Obtain Informed Consent - What is the difference between deception & debriefing? | Deception: action of deceiving Debriefing: Question someone in detail about a mission they have completed. |
| Laud Humphrey - Study of Homosexuals behind the scene | The study of the social background of men who engage in homosexual behavior in public facilities |
| Humphreys concluded that the men who engaged in what were viewed as deviant acts were, for the most part, married, suburban men whose families were unaware of their sexual practices. | Tearoom Trade |
| Avoid Deception in Research, Except in Limited Circumstances - Debriefing | A researcher's informing subjects after an experiment about the experiment's purposes and methods and evaluating subjects' personal reactions to the experiment |
| Maintain Privacy and Confidentiality - Explain some of its importance. | protect subject's privacy, included in the informed consent agreement, be realistic, "Certificate of Confidentiality" |
| Maintain Privacy and Confidentiality - "Certificate Confidentiality" | To protect researchers from being legally required to disclose confidential information |
| Positivism and Postpositivism - What is the definition for Positivist? | The belief, shared by most scientists, that there is a reality that exists quite apart from our own perception of it, that is can be understood through observation, and that it follows general laws. |
| Positivism and Postpositivism - What is the definition of Postpositivism? | The belief that there is an empirical reality, but that our understanding of it is limited by its complexity and by the biases and other limitations of researchers. |
| Researchers believe the goal of science is to achieve - Intersubjective Agreement | An agreement by different observers on what is happening in the natural or social world. |
| What is the definition of Interpretivism? | The belief that reality is socially constructed and that the goal of social scientists is to understand what meanings people give to that reality. Max Weber termed the goal of interpretivist research verstehen, or "understanding" |
| What is the definition of Constructive Paradigm? | A perspective that emphasizes how different stakeholders in social settings construct their belefs. |
| What is the definition of Hermeneutic Circle? | Represents the dialetical process in which the researcher obtains information from multiple stakeholders in a setting, refines his or her understanding of the setting, and then tests that understanding with successive respondents. |
| Research with a focus on women's lives and often including an orientation to personal experience, subjective orientations, the researcher's standpoint, and emotions. | Feminist Research |
Created by:
1StellarStar