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Into
Anatomy
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| How many layers of cells in the Tri-lminar Embryo? | Three: Ectoderm, Mesoderm, and Endoderm |
| Where is the Ectoderm located? | Outside the embryo |
| Where is the Notocord located? | Inside the Mesoderm |
| What innervates skeletal muscle? | Mesoderm |
| What innervates the spine and brain? | Ectoderm? |
| What is the Notocord? | A primitive version of the spinal cord after the egg is fertilzed after 21 days |
| How does the notocord develop? | Stimulated by Ectoderm to form the Neurotube to develop the spinal cord and brain |
| What derives from the Neurotube? | Notocord |
| How does a somite form? | The Mesoderm forms a somite called a Sclerotome. The somite receives nerve fibers from the neurotube that is stimulated by the Ectoderm in the skeletal muscle. |
| The vertebral column is innervated by what? | Sclerotomes |
| How does Myotomes and Dermatones develop? | Somite is innervated by nerve fibers from the neurotube that is developed after being stimulated by the Ectoderm. The somite is developed to a Sclerotome which is innervated by skeletal muscle. The sclerotome further divides into myotome and dermatone. |
| What innervates skeletal muscle? | Myotome |
| What innervates skin/ | Dermatone |
| Sensory innervation of the skin is segmented into what? | Dermatones |
| What is a coronal plane? | body is divided into anterior and posterior half |
| What is a sagital plane? | Body is divided into left and right halves laterally |
| What is another name for a transverse plane? | Horizontal or Cross-Sectional Plane |
| What is a transverse plane? | Dividing the body into horizontally into upper and lower portions |
| What is another name for posterior? | Dorsal |
| What is another name for ventral? | Anterior |
| What is correct term for top of the body? | Cranial |
| What is the correct term for the bottom of the body? | Caudal |
| What is the correct term for away from the body? | Lateral |
| What is the correct term for towards the body? | Medial |
| What is the correct term for between lateral and medial | Intermediate |
| What is the correct term for toward the body's surface? | Superficial |
| What is the correct term for away from the body surface? | Deep |
| What term means close to the point of attachment? | Proximal |
| What term means away from the point of attachement? | Distal |
| When a muscle gets shorter its called? | Concentric Action |
| What is Eccentric Action? | When a muscle gets longer |
| What happens when a muscle remains the same length? | Isometric Action |
| What is a stable attachement? | Origin |
| What is a mobile attachement? | Insertion |
| Flexion and extension occur in what plane? | Sagital |
| What occurs in the transverse plane? | Rotation |
| Lateral Flexion, Adduction and Abduction, Lateral External and Medial Internal Rotation, Circumduction occurs where? | Coronal plane |
| What is special about the middle finger? | It can abduct but it cannot adduct. |
| When you put your foot on the gas pedal its called? | Plantar Flexion |
| When you take your foot off the gas pedal its called? | Dorsi-flexion |
| What are the functions of the Vertebral Column? | Weight support, Erect posture, Bipedal locomotion, and enclose and protect the spinal cord and nerves |
| What do you find in the Vertebral Column? | Spinal cord |
| What structures form the Interverebral Foramen? | Superior and Inferior Articular Notches |
| What structure exits the Interverebral Foramen? | Spinal nerves |
| What structures make up the Vertebral Arch? | Lamina and pedicle |
| What causes Spina Bifida? | Lamina and spine does not form and the Nucleus Pulposus bulges from the intervertebral disc |
| Where does Spina Bifida occur? | Vertebra L4 or S1 |
| How many vertebrae are there? | 33 |
| Name the vertebrae regions and how many regions in each? | Cervical-7, Thoraic- 12, Lumber-5, Sacral-5, and Coccygeal-4 |
| What are the characteristics of the cervical vertebrae? | Bifid spine, no body, transverse foramen,vertebral arteries travel to the brain via transverse foramen |
| What are the characteristics of the thoraic vertebrae? | Oblique spinous process, transverse coastal facets and articular demi-facets. |
| What are the characteristics of the lumbar vertebrae? | No transverse coastal facets or demi-facets, and are large in size |
| C1 vertebrae is also known as what? | Atlas |
| What are the characteristics of C1? | No body, it has an articulation for the dens, transverse foramen, allows you to nod your head |
| C2 vertebrae is also known as what? | Axis |
| What are the characteristics of C2? | It has a dens, articulates with C1, transverse foramen, bifid spinous process |
| What is significant about the Sacral Hiatus? | It's the floor of vertebral canal and you can perform Epidural Anesthesia |
| What is the space between Dura Matter and the Vertebral Canal? | Epidural Space |
| What happens to the Anesthesia once its injected? | Travels thru the Epidermal Space to the Spinal nerves |
| Why is a Epidural Anesthesia given in the Sacral Hiatus? | Avoid the spinal cord |
| Where does the spinal cord stop? | Vertebrae L2 |
| Where is the Dura Matter, Filum Terminalis, and the Subarachnoid space found? | Below Vertebrae L2 |
| How many curvatures does the spine have? | Two primary and secondary curvatures |
| When does the primary curvature develop? What are they? | In the fetus, sacral and thoraic |
| When does the secondary curvature develop? What are they? | After a baby is born 3-12 months. Cervical and lumbar. |
| What is the significance of secondary curvature? | Shifts the center of gravity through the center of the body allowing erect posture and bipedal locomotion |
| What is Kyphosis? What's another name for it? | Exaggerated curvature of the thoraic vertebrae. Hunchback |
| Congenital, Occupational Osteoporosis, TB, Fractures and Degenerating Discs are causes of what? | Kyphosis |
| What is Lordosis? | Exaggerated curvature of the lumbar region |
| What causes Lordosis? | Pregnancy and Obesity |
| What is Scoliosis? | Lateral curvature of the spine |
| What causes Scoliosis? | Hemi-vertebra, short leg, polio, stroke, herniated disc, and Idiopathic |
| What structures are visible after laminectomy is done dorsally? | Posterior Longitudinal Ligament, Intervertebral Disc, Pedicle |
| What is the purpose of the Anterior and Posterior Longitudinal Ligament? | Helps and hold the verterbrae in place to prevent dislocation |
| Anterior and Posterior Longitudinal Ligaments run the full length of the spine. True or False | True |
| What happens when you experience whiplash? | the neck is hyperextended and a fracture of the cervical vertebrae occurs along with tearing of the Anterior Longitudinal Ligament |
| Where do you find Ligamentum Flavum? | Inside the vertebral canal, runs from lamina to lamina of adjacent vertebrae. |
| What's included in the Ligamentum Nuchae? | Interspinous Ligament and Supraspinous Ligament |
| What region of the vertebrae do you find Ligamentum Nuchae?? | Cervical vertebrae |
| What is significant about Ligamentum Nuchae? | Many muscles take its origin located in the neck and that's why it's so thick |
| What are the two joints associated with the spine? | Zygophyseal (synovial) joint and Interverbral disc (symphysis) |
| What is the characteristic with two joints? | Bathed in synovial fluid |
| Flexion, Extension, Lateral bending, and rotation are limited in the vertebrae due to what? | Zygophyseal joint and Intervertebral disc |
| Greatest mobility occurs where? | where secondary curvatures become primary |
| The intervertebral discs consists of | Nucleus pulposus (outer ring) and Annulus Fibrosus (inner ring) |
| The Nucleus Pulposus is derived from what? | Notocord |
| What does stenosis of Intervertebral Formen? | Shrinkage due to loss of water and reduction of size of the the nucleus pulposus will put pressure of the spinal nerves and cause pain |
| How does a Herinated Disc occur? | The Nucleus Pulposus herinates dorsolaterally through the Annulus Fibrosus. The tissue edemal following injury can cause nerve damage and cause pain. |
| Herinated discs occur where in the verterbral column? | Cervical and lumbar regions |
| What is another name for Vertebrae C7? | Vertebra Prominens |
| What are the characteristics of Vertebra Prominens? | Transverse Process and Formen, no bifid spinious process |
| Where do you perform a spinal tap? And why? | Vertebrae L4, L5, avoid spinal tap. |
| What is located at S4? | Sacral Hiatus and the Natal Cleft (where the two gluteal cheeks meet) |
| WHat is located at vertebrae L4-L5? | Summit of Illiac crest |
| What is located at vertebrae S2 | Posterior Superior Illiac spine |
| The Brain and Spinal Cord are part of what? | Central Nervous System |
| How many cranial nerves are in the Perephial Nervous System? | Twelve |
| Cranial and Spinal Nerves are part of what? | Perephial Nervous System |
| Name the 5 types of vertebrae | Cervical, Theoraic, Lumbar, Sacral, and Coccyx |
| Why are there 8 cervical spinal nerves but only 7 vertebrae? | The first spinal nerve comes off the skull and the first vertebrae C1. |
| Name the Parts of a Neuron | Dendrites, the branches of the neuron (receptive sites), the Soma located in the middle and is the intergrator and receives input from the Dendrites, and the Axon (output) nerve fiber, Axon Hillock, same as Axon. |
| Name Parts of a Neuron | Synapse located at the end of the axon, is the communication transports between a neuron and other cells. |
| Name the parts of a Synapse | Synaptic vesicles, Presynaptic membranes, postsynaptic membrance and action potential |
| what are synaptic vesicles? | Synaptic vesicles are small balloons filled with neurotransmitters that can cause changes to the neuron when released |
| What are Presynaptic Membrane? | small balloon filled vesicles filled with neurotransmitters that travel to the body of the neuron before being released when Action Potential is generated. |
| What is the Postynaptic Membrane? | Neurotransmitter that is released into another muscle, gland, skin or neuron |
| What is Action Potential? | When the charge at the Axon Hillock reaches threshold. Action Potential only goes away from the soma |
| What are Schwann cells and where are they located? | Schwann cells form a myelin sheath around axons and are found in the PNS and the brachial plexius. |
| What are Oligodendricytes and where are they located? | Oligodendricytes are located in the CNS and are myelin sheaths formed around axons. |
| What are the purposes of the Oligodendricytes and the Schwann cells? | Insulate axons, Increase conduction velocity, impulse propagation is more energy efficent. |
| What are the characteristics of Schwann Cells? | they form one mylein sheath around one axon and the demyleinated of Schwann cells can caue Gullian-Barre Disease. |
| What are the characteristics of Oligodenendrocytes? | One Oligodendrocytes can form a mylein sheath to several axons, the demylenation of these cells can cause Multiple Scherosis. |
| Where do you find a Multipolar Neuron? Name the characteristics. | CNS. Multiple dendrites, one axon, one motor neuron, innervates skeletal muscle. |
| Where do you find Bipolar: Special Sensory Neurons? What are the characteristics? | PNS. Dendrites at the opposite ends of two poles, neuron in the middle. |
| Where do you find Pseudo-Unipolar:General Sensory Neuron. Name the characteristics? | In the PNS and dorsal root ganglion. Seperate dendrite and axon that join together, sensory neurons of spinal nerves. |
| What are the three connective tissue sheaths that cover the nerves in the PNS? | Epineurium: Surrounds the entire nerve, Perineurium: surrounds bundle of fibers. Endoneurium: surrounds each axon or fiber. |
| What is special about the PNS but not the CNS? | Schwann cells and connective tissue sheaths are important for the regeneration of damaged axons in the PNS. They guide the the growth cones from the axomal stump back to the target tissue. There are no connective tissue sheaths surrounding axons in CNS. |
| WHat is special about the PNS but not the CNS? | Therefore, Axons in the CNS do not regenerate and it if the axon stump or connective tissue is cut there is a loss of function. |
| Name the parts of the Spinal Cord and their characteristics. | White matter includes axons and myelin (fresh lipids and has a white appearence. Gray matter includes neurons. Central Canal contains cerebral spinal fluid. |
| Name the parts of the Spinal Cord and their characteristics. | Ventral horn (Motor) and includes Multipolar Neurons. Dorsal Horn (Sensory) |
| In an adult, the spinal cord ends where? | L2 |
| What else is growing beyond the vertebrae L2? | Spinal nerves grow until S2 and the Dorsal Roots exit out the Posteior Sacral Foramen and Vental Roots exit out the Anterior Sacral Foramen. |
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