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What best defines a mineral and a rock?
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Atoms of the same element, zinc for example, have the same number of ____.
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SCIN 100 Chapter 1-6
Chapters 1-6 Study Guide
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What best defines a mineral and a rock? | In a mineral the constituent atoms are bonded in a regular, repetitive, internal structure; a rock is a lithified or consolidated aggregate of different mineral grains. |
| Atoms of the same element, zinc for example, have the same number of ____. | Protons in the nucleus |
| What mineral is the hardest known substance in nature? | Diamond |
| Which of the following minerals is a silicate? | Feldspar |
| The ion at the center of a silicon-oxygen tetrahedron is surrounded by _____. | Four oxygen ions |
| Which mineral is easily soluble in water at room temperature conditions? | Halite |
| The strong tendency of certain minerals to break along smooth, parallel planes is known as ________. | Cleavage |
| Which group of minerals are the most abundant in the Earth's crust? | Silicates |
| Which of the following is NOT one of the eight most common elements in the Earth's crust? | Carbon. (Included of the eight are potassium, aluminum, calcium, oxygen, silicon, magnesium, sodium and iron.) |
| TF:Mineral luster is broadly classified as either being metallic or opaque. | False. |
| TF: Electrically neutral atoms have equal numbers of electrons and protons. | True. |
| TF: More than 100 elements are currently known. | True. |
| TF:Diamond and quartz are both minerals composed of a single element. | False. |
| TF: Nonmetallic minerals like halite and gypsum have no industrial uses. | False. |
| TF: Isotopes of the same element have the same mass number. | False. |
| As the rate of cooling increases, the size of the crystals that form _____ | decreases. |
| Granite and gabbro ______ | have a similar texture. |
| This igneous texture is characterized by two distinctively different crystal sizes | porphryitic |
| Sedimentary rocks _______ | all of the above. (may contain fossils, hold important clues to Earth's history, may be economically important.) |
| Detrital sediments would predominate in al of the following environments except _____ | salt flat. |
| The most abundant chemical sedimentary rock is _________ | limestone. |
| Metamorphism may result from _________ | all of the above. (heat, pressure, and chemical action) |
| This dense, nonfoliated metamorphic rock is produced most often from standstone. | quartzite. |
| Which of the following lists the rocks in the order of increasing grain size and increasing grade of metamorphism? | slate, phyllite, schist |
| TF: Bowen's reaction series predicts the sizes of the different mineral grains that grow from crystallizing magmas. | False |
| TF: Glassy igneous rocks form when magma cools too fast for mineral grains to grow. | True |
| TF: Evaporites have a biochemical origin. | False |
| TF: Particle size is the primary basis for distinguishing among various detrital sedimentary rocks | True |
| TF: Slate is associated with high-grade metamorphism | False |
| TF: Metamorphism can affect only sedimentary rocks. | False |
| Clay minerals formed from gabbro or diorite bedrock illustrate which kind of weathering? | Chemical |
| All the following are factors that affect rates of weathering except for _______ | geological age of earth materials. |
| Which of the following is an important, mechanical weathering process for enlarging fractures and extending them deeper into large boulders and bedrock? | frost wedging |
| Which one of the following statements concerning mechanical weathering is NOT true? | Involves a major change in the mineral composition of the weathered material. |
| Which term describes a soil formed by weathering of the underlying bedrock? | residual |
| Of the following, which one would most likely be triggered by an earthquake? | rock avalanche. |
| Which mass wasting process has the slowest rate of movement? | creep |
| The most rapid type of mass movement is a ________ | rock avalanche |
| All of the following are possible indicators that creep is occurring except for ___________ | an extremely thick soil profile |
| TF: Quartz weathers readily to aluminum-rich clay minerals. | False |
| TF: Quartz is quite resistant to weathering and is an important component of sands in riverbeds and on beaches. | True |
| TF: Like most other liquids, water decreases in volume when it freezes. | False |
| TF: Ferromagnesian minerals that crystallize at high temperatures in Bowen's reaction series are generally much less susceptible to chemical weathering than quartz. | False |
| The steepest, stable, slope angle possible in unconsolidated, granular materials like sand and gravel is called the angle of retention. | False |
| Repeated freezing and thawing can be important in soil creep movements. | True |
| Which one of the following statements is correct? | Sea level drops when water is stored in expanding ice sheets and continental glaciers. |
| Which of the following is NOT part of the water cycle? | Calcium carbonate dissolving in soil water and groundwater. |
| If you were to examine the profile of a typical river, you would probably find that the gradient is ________ | steepest near the head. |
| At a bend in a river, the main erosion is ________ | on the outside of the bend. |
| The suspended load of a stream ________ | usually consists of fine particles |
| __________ is an abandoned, cutoff, meander loop | An oxbow |
| The single most important erosional agent is _________ | running water |
| Which of the following is associated with areas of karst topography? | all of the above (sinkholes, soluble rock, caverns) |
| An artesian well is one in which _______ | water rises above the top of the aquifer without any pumping. |
| TF: Alluvium refers to stream deposits, mainly sand and gravel | True |
| TF: A V-shaped valley and no floodplain indicate a youthful, downcutting stream | True |
| TF: Floods are the least destructive of all geologic hazards | False |
| TF: Most caves and caverns originate by solution of limestone | True |
| TF: The formation of stalactites and stalagmites occurs in the zone of saturation | False |
| TF: Karst topography is most commonly associated with areas underlain by massive sandstone strata | False |
| A name commonly used as a synonym for the Ice Age is _______ | Pleistocene epoch |
| Which one of the following is NOT true of glaciers? | exist only in the Northern Hemisphere. |
| A ________ cross-valley profile is typical of canyons and valleys eroded and deepened by alpine or valley glaciers. | U |
| _________ are erosional features produced by valley/alpine glaciers | Cirques |
| A _________ forms when a block of ice is buried in drift and subsequently melts, creating a pit. | Kettle |
| A broad accumulation of stratified drift deposited adjacent to the downstream edge of an end moraine is an __________ | outwash plain |
| Which one of the following is true? | Despite infrequent rainfalls, erosional and depositional features of running water are important in desert landscapes |
| The loess deposited in many parts of the Midwest ______ | was once glacial outwash deposits |
| Inselbergs are _________ | bedrock hills in a highly eroded desert landscape |
| TF: When a glacier is retreating, the upstream ice is still moving forward toward the downstream terminus of the glacier. | True |
| TF: The Pleistocene epoch is the only glacial period for which evidence exists. | False |
| TF: Eskers and kames are deposited by meltwater streams, and they are composed of stratified sand and gravel | True |
| TF: Running water is an importan erosional agent in many arid lands despite infrequent rainfalls. | True |
| TF: The Basin and Range region of the western United States is an excellent example of a mountainous desert landscape. | True |
| TF: The Colorado River is an example of a large wash. | False |
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