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Biology - Chapter 1
1.1 - 1.9 Vocab and Other Relevant Topics
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Biosphere | Consists of all the environments on Earth that support life-- most regions of land, bodies of water, and the lower atmosphere. |
| Ecosystem | Consists of all the organisms living in a particular area, as well as the nonliving, physical components of the environment with which the organisms interact, such as air soil, water, and sunlight. |
| Community | The entire array of organisms inhabiting an ecosystem. |
| Population | An interacting group of individuals of one species. |
| Organism | An individual living thing. |
| Organ System | Consists of several organs that work together in performing a specific function. Examples: culatory system, digestive system, nervous system. |
| Organ | For example: brain, heart, liver, nerves. |
| Tissue | Each has a specific function and is made up of similar cells. |
| Cell | A unit of living matter separated from its environment by a boundary called a membrane. |
| Organelle | A structure that performs a specific function in a cell. Example: Nucleus. |
| Molecule | A cluster of atoms held together by chemical bonds. |
| Atom | Smallest particle of ordinary matter. |
| Producers | Plants and other photosynthetic organisms are the producers that provide food for a typical ecosystem. |
| Consumers | The consumers of the ecosystem eat plants and other animals. They take in oxygen from the air and return CO2. Their wastes return other chemicals to the environment. |
| Decomposers | Bacteria, fungi, and small animals in the soil that decompose the remains of dead animals. These decomposers act as recyclers, changing the complex dead matter into simple mineral nutrients that plants use. |
| Emergent Properties | The properties of life that arise from the structural level of a cell illustrate another important theme of biology. The saying "the whole is greater than the sum of its parts" sums up this idea. |
| Evolution | A change in the gene pool of a population from generation to generation by such processes as mutation, natural selection, and genetic drift. |
| Prokaryote | Group of organisms whose cells lack a cell nucleus (karyon), or any other membrane-bound organelle. |
| Eukaryote | Organism whose cells contain complex structures enclosed within membranes. |
| DNA | The foundation for the unity of life is the genetic information in DNA molecules. Each DNA molecule is up of two long chains coiled together into what is called a double-helix. Four chemical building blocks of DNA: A,T,C, and G. |
| Taxonomy | The branch of biology that names and classifies species, arranges them into a hierarchy of broader and broader groups. |
| Kingdoms | Scientists have divided all into six (up until the last decade, it was 5) kingdoms. |
| Domains | Scientists agree the kingdoms of life can be organized into three overarching groups. |
| Domain Bacteria | Consists of prokaryotes, organisms with prokaryotic cells. Most prokaryotes are unicellular and microscopic. |
| Domain Archea | Domain that has prokaryotes, but is not Domain Bacteria. |
| Domain Eukarya | Eukaryotes, organisms with eukaryotic cells, are now grouped into the various kingdoms of domain Eukarya. Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and other internal structures called organelles. |
| Kingdom Protist (multiple kingdoms) | A diverse collection of of mostly single-celled organisms. Some make food using photosynthesis. Others (known as protozoans) eat other organisms, such as algae and prokaryotes. |
| Kingdom Fungi | A diverse group that inludes molds, yeasts, and mushrooms. They are mostly decomposers. They break down the remains of dead organisms and organic wastes, such as leaf litter and animal feces, and then absorb the nutrients into their cells. |
| Kindgon Animalia | Animals obtain food by ingestion, which which means that they eat other organisms. Most animals are motile and are made of cells that lack rigid walls. |
| Kingdom Plantae | Produce their own food by photosynthesis and have cells with rigid walls made of cellulose. |
| *Natural Selection* | 1.) Population with varied inherited traits. 2.)Elimination of individuals with certain traits. 3.) Reproduction of survivors. |
| Discovery Science | Mostly about *describing* nature. Verifiable observations and measurements are the data of discovery science. Leads to conclusions based on a type of logic called inductive reasoning. Reasoning derives general principles from a big # of spec. observ's. |
| Hypothesis-Based Science | Mostly about *explaining* nature. Involves proposing and testing hypotheses. Logic used is deductive reasoning. (if all organisms are made of cells, and humans are organisms, then humans are made of cells.) |
| Controlled Experiment | An experiment with an experimental group, a control group, a testable hypothesis, and independent variable, a dependent variable, etc. |
| Independent Variable | The variable that is given to the experimental group. |
| Dependent Variable | The result of the independent variable. |
| Adaption | any alteration in the structure or function of an organism or any of its parts that results from natural selection and by which the organism becomes better fitted to survive and multiply in its environment. a form or structure modified to fit a habitat. |
| Observation | An act or instance of viewing or noting a fact or occurrence for some scientific or other special purpose |
| Science | systematic knowledge of the physical or material world gained through observation and experimentation. |
| Hypothesis | An educated guess based off of previous observations. Must be testable and follow the if..., then... format. |
| Control Group | The group in a controlled experiment that does *not* receive the independent variable. |
| Inference | Similar to a hypothesis, and inference is a guess based on previous knowledge and understanding of the concept. |
| Experimental Group | The group in a controlled experiment that receives the independent variable. |
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