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Chap. 7. Vocab
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Human evolution | Long-term biological maturation of the human species. Geographically, all evidence points toward East Africa as the source of humankind. Our species, Homo sapiens, emigrated from this hearth to eventually populate the rest of the habitable world. |
| Cold War | The post-World War II standoff between the Soviet Union and the Western alliance led by the United States, which lasted from 1945 to the collapse of the USSR in 1991. |
| Rift Valley | The trough or trench that forms when a thinning strip of the Earth’s crust sinks between two parallel faults (surface fractures). |
| Continental drift | The slow movement of continents controlled by the processes associated with plate tectonics. |
| State formation | The creation of a state, exemplifying traditions of human territoriality that go back thousands of years. |
| Ethnicity | The combination of a people’s culture (traditions, customs, language, and religion) and racial ancestry. |
| Nation-state | A country whose population possesses a substantial degree of cultural homogeneity and unity. |
| Indirect rule | British colonial practice that kept indigenous power structures in place, co-opting individual rulers. The purpose was to minimize armed conflict and maximize profits. |
| Land tenure | The way people own, occupy, and use land. |
| Land alienation | One society or culture group taking land from another. |
| Green Revolution | The successful late-twentieth-century development of higher-yield, fast-growing varieties of rice and other cereals in certain developing countries. |
| Agribusiness | The agricultural operations of large, often multinational, corporations |
| Medical geography | The study of health and disease within a geographic context and from a spatial perspective. |
| Endemic | Refers to a disease in a host population that affects many people in a kind of equilibrium without causing rapid and widespread deaths. |
| Epidemic | A local or regional outbreak of a disease |
| Pandemic | An outbreak of a disease that spreads worldwide. |
| Multilingualism | A society marked by a mosaic of local languages. Constitutes a centrifugal force because it impedes communication within the larger population. |
| Formal economy | The part of a national economy that is registered with government agencies and complies with laws and regulations, especially taxation. |
| Informal economy | The part of a national economy that is not registered with the government, and for which reliable statistics are rarely available. |
| Sharia law | law The strict criminal code based in Islamic law that prescribes corporal punishment, amputations, stonings, and lashings for both major and minor offenses. |
| Boko Haram | The violent, jihadist, terrorist organization that is based in— and controls parts of—northeastern Nigeria. |
| Anthropogenic | Environmental impacts emanating from human activities, particularly the production of pollutants associated with atmospheric warming |
| Mobile money | The dominant system of text-messaged money exchange in Subsaharan Africa that is attributable to the realm’s general lack of a formal banking infrastructure. |
| Cash economy | An economic system in which all transactions are made in cash. |
| Exclave | A bounded (non-island) piece of territory that is part of a particular state but lies separated from it by the territory of another state. |
| Apartheid | Literally, apartness. |
| Xenophobia | Extreme dislike and fear of foreigners, sometimes fueled by populist politicians. |
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